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2024?8??20??,??????????(AS689)?,[1]????????????????????????17%-36.3%????????????(????9%)?????2023?????9??????13??????????????????????,???????????,????????????2023??????10???4??????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,??
?,????,???????????????,????????????????????(???????????)???????,???????????«???»???,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2019?????«???????????»?????????????????????,??????????????,?????????????2020??,?????«??»,?????????????????,????????????????????????????????????,?,????????????,??
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(???)??????????????????????,???
1. ???????
?,????????????????????????????????1951???????,????(????????????????????????????????????????)?????????????????????????????«??????»,?????????????????????????(ECSC),???,???,????????????????????????????
1957??????????????,??????????????????????«?»?????«????????»??????(Euratom),???????????????(?????????????),?????,?????????????????????,???????????????????????(EEC),???????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????92?94??????????????(state aid),?????????????????[2]
2. ????????????????????????
1965?,?????????«?????»,???????????,?????,???????,?????????«?»??????????
1974???????????,????«????1985????????»,????1985??50%,????????????????,?????????[3]
????,???,?????????????????,??????????????,??,???????????????
(????)????????????????????
1980?????,?????????????????«???????1990????»,??????????????????????????????,??????[4]??????????????????1974????
1986?????,??«????????????????»,[5]??,?,??????????????
??????,??????????????????,?,?????
??????????????????
1992???????,???????«?????????????»(????????«???»),???????????????(EU),????????????????????????????????????????????(EEC)?????????(EC),?«?????????»???????????????«???????????»????
???«?»??,??????????????????????,«?????»??130???????????????,????????????
?????????,??????,?????????????????????????????
(??)???
1995?,??????????????????????????«???»????????????,?????????????,???????[6]
1997???,?«??????????????????????:???????????????????????????????»?,[7]???????,???,?????????????????
2000??,??????????????«?????»???????????,???????????,??[8]
??????,?????????????????????,???????????
(??????)??????????????????
?????????,?????????2006?????«?????????????????????????????????????????????»??????,????????,?,??????????????????????,??????????[9]
2007?????????????????,???«?»,????????«?????»??«??????????»,?????????????????????????????«??????????????????»???«?????????????????»???,«???»??????????????88???4??????????????,?,????«??????????»????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????[10]
2010???,????«????????2020???????»,?,??[11]
2011??????????,?????«2050???????????»,??????2020????????????????,????,???????????(???????)???????????????????????????,??[12]
???????????????????,??,????
?????????????
???????????????????«?????????????????»????????????107??????????????,??????????,????????????????(???????????????),??????
???????????????????????:???,????????????????????????,?,?;???,????????
?????????2023??????????????7?????????WTO??,[13]???????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????,??????2021-2022???2273.5????
??????????????????????,?????????????,?????????????,??
(???????????????????)??????????????????????????????????????????????????????
1. ???????????
2014??????????????,??????«2030?»,???2030?????????,??????????????,?,???????????????2030?????27%,???????????????????????[14]
2015?,????????????«?????»,??????????????,?????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????,????,????????[15]
2018???????,?????????????«?????»,???????????????????????????????2030?????????32%,???[16]
?????????????,??«?????????????????????????????????????????????»,??????????????2050???????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????,??,?????????????[17]
2. ?«????????????????»????«????????????????????»????????????????
2019?????????,?????????«???????»,????????????????????,?,???????2030?????????????????????1990??????55%????2050??????????????????????????
??????????????????????,?????????????????,??????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????,«??????????????????????????»??:????????????;?????????????????;?????????????????????,???????????????????????,???????????????????????,?????????????????????????,???????[18]
2020???????3?????,?«??????»,??:?;?????????????????????;????2021?????????????5??????????????????????????[19]?????????????????????,????????????????????,????????????????,????????,???????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????(IPCEI)????,?????????
2022??????,???,???????,?????REPowerEU???????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????,??????2030?????????????45%,??[20]
3. ?
2023???????,???«??????????????»,??????????????????«????????????????????????»,???????????????????????????,??????????[21]
2024????????????,??«??????»????????????«??????????»???????????«???»????????????????
«????????????????????????»??????????????[22]???????????????????????;?2030???????,???40%;??????????????(NZSPs),?????,?????????????????????????;?????????«??»??????????,?????????????????????????????????
«?????»??????,?????????????2030????????????,??,?????????????-???????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????
(??????)????????
1. ????????????????????????
2018??????,?«??????????????:?????????????»,???????????????????????????????????,???????????????????,?,???????????????????????????(electro-mobility,????????)?
????????????????????????????(CEF),???,?????????????????????????????????,??,??????????????????????????,???????
2. ??????????
2017????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????,?,??,???????[23]
2018???????,?????????????«???????????????»,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????[24]????????????????????????,????????????????????:???????????;???,??????;????????????,???????????????????????????;???????????????;????(??);???
?????,??,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????,????????????????????
(?????????????????)????????????
1. ???????
2022???????????,?«?????????????»,?????2025??320??(GW)??2030????600??????????????[25]?,????
???,???????:???????????????????????????????,??????????????????????;???;?????????????,?????????????;??
2. ???????????????
?,?,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:?,??????????;??????,??????;???????????????????????;???;????????????
2024??????,???????????????«????»,?????????????????????????????????????,??????????(??????????????????????????)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????,??
????????,?,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?,?????????
?????????????:??? - ??????????????????????????
(????)??????????????????:????????????????????????????????
???????????2006????????????????????,???????????????«??????????»«???????»«??»?????,?????????,?????????????????,??????????????????????
????????,???????????????????????????????,?,?????2020?2????????????2026??????????????????????????????12???31??????,??????7230?,????????????????????3380?,350????????????????,???37%?????????????????2024????????????????????4??,?????????879???????????????,???????????????????????????????????25.7%?[26]
???(CEF)????????????????????????????????«????????????????????????»?,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????2021-2027????????,????????????????????????59.4??[27]
???????????????????????????????????????,????????:??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????[28]???????????????????????????????????2023?,??2021-2022????2273.5??????????????
(????????)???:???????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????,???!
?????,????,??????,??????????????????,??,???????????????????[29]
???8????????20????,??????????????????,?????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????,???????????????????????????????????,??????,??????????????????????????????,???????[30]
??????????,????????2035?????????????????,?????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????(?)???????????,??????,????????[31]
2024???8?????????9???,??????(WT/DS626????),[32]???????????????????????????????????????«????????????????»?6??????????????«?????????????????»?1?2????????????10?????????????????????????????17????????19???????22???32???,??????????,????????
(????????????????)?:??????????????????????
??????,???????????,???????????????«?»«?????????»«?»?????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????
??,????????????,???????,??????,????????????????????,??????????????????????????????
?????1957???????«?????????»???????????????????????????????????,?«???????»????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????,2018????2024????????????8??????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????362?????????????????????(??????????????????????320??),?????68?????(????21%),????????61??????(???????17%)?[33]????????,??????,???????????????????????????????
???????|????????????????????? ???? ??
?????????????????
[1]????????????????????:
[2]??????????????«??????????»???298??51???52????
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]???:????????????????????????,2024??4???????????
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]??:
[30]????:
[31]
[32]?????(WT/DS626????????????????????):
[33] ???:????????????????????????????