????? ??????????????????????????????

2024?8??20??,??????????(AS689)?,[1]????????????????????????17%-36.3%????????????(????9%)?????2023?????9??????13????“?????????????”?????,???????????,????????????2023??????10???4??????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????“???”????????????,??

?,????,???????????????,???????????????????“?”(???????????)???????,???????????«???»???,?????“???????????????????”????????????????????????????????????2019?????«???????????»?????????????????????,??????????????,?“??????????”??2020??,?????«??»,?????????????????,???????????????????“?????”????????????,?,????????????,??

?“???”???,??

??????????????

(???)??????????????????????,???

1. ???????

?,????????????????????????????????1951???????,????(????????????????????????????????????????)?????????????????????????????«??????»,??“???????????????????????”(ECSC),???,???,????????????????????????????

1957??????????????,??????????????????????«?»?????«????????»????“??”(Euratom),???????????????(?????????????),?????,?????????????????????,??????????????????“?????”(EEC),???????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????92?94??????????????(state aid),?????????????????[2]

2. ????????????????????????

1965?,?????????«?????»,???????????,?????,???????,?????????«?»??????????

1974???????????,????«????1985????????»,????1985??50%,????????????????,?????????[3]

????,???,?????????????????,??????????????,??,???????????????

(????)????????????????????

1980?????,?????????????????«???????1990????»,??????????????????????????????,??????[4]??????????????????1974????

1986?????,??«????????????????»,[5]??,?,??????????????

??????,??????????????????,?,?????

??????????????????

1992???????,???????«?????????????»(????????«???»),?????????????“??”(EU),?????????????????????????“???????????????????”(EEC)?“????????”(EC),?«?????????»???????????????«???????????»????

???«?»??,??????????????????????,«?????»??130???????????????,????????????

?????????,??????,?????????“????”????????????????

(??)???

1995?,??????????????????????????«???»????????????,?????????????,???????[6]

1997???,?«??????????????????????:???????????????????????????????»?,[7]???????,???,?????????????????

2000??,??????????????«?????»???????????,???????????,??[8]

??????,?????????????????????,???????????

(??????)??????????????????

?????????,?????????2006?????«?????????????????????????????????????????????»??????,????????,?,??????????????????????,??????????[9]

2007?????????????????,???«?»,????????«?????»??«??????????»,?????????????????????????????«??????????????????»???«?????????????????»???,«???»??????????????88???4??????????????,?,????«??????????»?????????????????“?????????”??????,???????????????????????????[10]

2010???,????«????????2020???????»,?,??[11]

2011??????????,?????«2050???????????»,??????2020????????????????,????,???????????(???????)???????????????????????????,??[12]

???????????????????,??,????

???????????“?”?

???????????????????«?????????????????»????????????107??????????????,??????????,????????????????(???????????????),??????

??????????“???????”??????:???,????????????????????????,?,?;???,????????

?????????2023??????????????7?????????WTO??,[13]???????????????,?????????????“????????????????????????”???????????????“????????”?????????,????????????????????????????,??????2021-2022???2273.5????

??????????????????????,?“???????”?????,?????????????,??

(???????????????????)??????????????????????????????????????“??????????”??????

1. ??“??????”???

2014??????????????,??????«2030?»,???2030?????????,??????????????,?,???????????????2030?????27%,???????????????????????[14]

2015?,????????????«?????»,???????“???????”,?????????????????????????????,??????“??????????????????”??????????????,????,????????[15]

2018???????,?????????????«?????»,???????????????????????????????2030?????????32%,???[16]

?????????????,??«?????????????????????????????????????????????»,??????????????2050??“?????”????????????,??????????“???????????????????????”??????????,????????????????????,??,?????????????[17]

2. ?«????????????????»????«????????????????????»?????“????????”???

2019?????????,?????????«???????»,????????????????????,?,???????2030?????????????????????1990??????55%????2050??“???????”?????????????????

??????????????????????,????????“????”?????,??????????????????????????????,????????????“?????????????”???????????????????????,«??????????????????????????»??:????????????;?????????????????;?????????????????????,???????????????????????,???????????????????????,?????????????????????????,???????[18]

2020???????3?????,?«??????»,??:?;??????????“???????????”;????2021?????????????5??????????????????????????[19]?????????????????????,????????????????????,????????????????,????????,???????????,????????????????????????????????“?????????????”(IPCEI)????,?????????

2022??????,???,???????,?????“REPowerEU”???????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????,??????2030?????????????45%,??[20]

3. ?

2023???????,???«??????????????»,??????????????????«????????????????????????»,???????????????????????????,?“???????”??[21]

2024????????????,??«??????»????????????«??????????»???????????«???»????????????????

«????????????????????????»??????????????[22]?????????????????“???”???;?2030???????,???40%;???????“???????”(NZSPs),?????,?????????????????????????;?????????«??»??????????,?????????????????????????????????

«?????»??????,?????????????2030????????????,??,?????????????-???????????????????????????????,?????“??????????”???????????????????

(??????)????????

1. ????????????????????????

2018??????,?«??????????????:?????????????»,???????????????????????????????????,???????????????????,?,????????????????????“???????”(electro-mobility,????????)?

???????????“?????????????????”(CEF),???,?????????????????????????????????,??,??????????????????????????,???????

2. ??????????

2017????,????????????????????????????“??????????????????????”,?????,?,??,???????[23]

2018???????,?????????????«???????????????»,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????[24]????????????????????????,????????????????????:???????????;???,??????;????????????,???????????????????????????;???????????????;????(??);???

?????,??,?????????????????????“??”????????????????????????“???????????”????????????????????,????,????????????????????

(?????????????????)????????????

1. ???????

2022???????????,?«?????????????»,?????2025??320??(GW)??2030????600??????????????[25]?,????

???,???????:?????????????????????“??????????”,??????????????????????;???;?????????????,?????????????;??

2. ???????????????

?,?,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:?,??????????;??????,??????;???????????????????????;???;????????????

2024??????,???????????????«????»,?????????????????????????????????????,??????????(??????????????????????????)??????????????????????????????????????????????????????“???????”????????,???????????????,??

????????,?,?????“??”????????????????????????????????????????“??”??????,?,?????????

?????????????:??? - ??????????????????????????

(????)??????????????????:??????“?”?????????????????????????

???????????2006????????????????????,???“???”?????????«??????????»«???????»«??»?????,?????????,???????????“?”?????,??????????????????????

????????,“???????????”?“??????????”?????????,?,?????2020?2????????????2026??????????????????????????????12???31??????,??????7230?,????????????????????3380?,350????????????????,???37%?????????????????2024????????????????????4??,?????????879???????????????,???“??????????????????”??????????????25.7%?[26]

“???”(CEF)????????????????????????????????«????????????????????????»?,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????2021-2027????????,????????????????????????59.4??[27]

“????????????????”???????????????????????,????????:“?????????????????????”“????????????”???????????????????“???”?“?????”?,“????????”???“???????????????????”??????????,“?????????????????????”???[28]“????????????????”???????????????????2023?,??2021-2022????2273.5??????????????

(????????)???:???????????????????????

????“????????????????????????”??????????????,??????????“?????????”????????????????????,???!

?????,????,??????,??????????????????,??,???????????????????[29]

???8????????20????,??????????????????,?????????,?????“??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????”???????,????????????????,?????????????????“??????”????????“???????????????”???????,?????,???????????????????????????????????,??????,???????????????????“???????????”,???????[30]

??????????,????????2035?????????????????,?????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????(?)???????????,??????,????????[31]

2024???8?????????9???,??????(WT/DS626????),[32]???????????????????????????????????????«????????????????»?6??????????????«?????????????????»?1?2????????????10?????????????????????????????17????????19???????22???32???,??????????,????????

(????????????????)?:?????????????“????????”?

??????,???????????,???????????????«?»«?????????»«?»?????????????????,??????????“?????????????????????”??????????????????,????????,?????????????????“??”????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????

??,????????????,???????,??????,????????????????????,??“??????????????”??????????????

?????1957???????«?????????»?????????????????“???????????”???????,?«???????»????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????,???“????????????”?????????????

??????????????????????????,2018????2024????????????8??????????????????,??“?????????????????????”??????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????362?????????????????????(??????????????????????320??),?????68?????(????21%),????????61??????(???????17%)?[33]????????,??????,??????“????????????????????”?????

???????|????????????????????? ???? ??

?????????????????

[1]????????????????????:

[2]??????????????«??????????»???298??51???52????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]???:????????????????????????,2024??4???????????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]??:

[30]????:

[31]

[32]?????(WT/DS626????????????????????):

[33] ???:???????????????????????????? “???????????”_????

?? ????????????“??????”???

????????????“??????”???
??
2024-08-23 15:38:03

????:1????????????:??95???

2?????????

3???SPA??

4????????

5????????

????? ??????????????????????????????

2024?8??20??,??????????(AS689)?,[1]????????????????????????17%-36.3%????????????(????9%)?????2023?????9??????13????“?????????????”?????,???????????,????????????2023??????10???4??????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????“???”????????????,??

?,????,???????????????,???????????????????“?”(???????????)???????,???????????«???»???,?????“???????????????????”????????????????????????????????????2019?????«???????????»?????????????????????,??????????????,?“??????????”??2020??,?????«??»,?????????????????,???????????????????“?????”????????????,?,????????????,??

?“???”???,??

??????????????

(???)??????????????????????,???

1. ???????

?,????????????????????????????????1951???????,????(????????????????????????????????????????)?????????????????????????????«??????»,??“???????????????????????”(ECSC),???,???,????????????????????????????

1957??????????????,??????????????????????«?»?????«????????»????“??”(Euratom),???????????????(?????????????),?????,?????????????????????,??????????????????“?????”(EEC),???????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????92?94??????????????(state aid),?????????????????[2]

2. ????????????????????????

1965?,?????????«?????»,???????????,?????,???????,?????????«?»??????????

1974???????????,????«????1985????????»,????1985??50%,????????????????,?????????[3]

????,???,?????????????????,??????????????,??,???????????????

(????)????????????????????

1980?????,?????????????????«???????1990????»,??????????????????????????????,??????[4]??????????????????1974????

1986?????,??«????????????????»,[5]??,?,??????????????

??????,??????????????????,?,?????

??????????????????

1992???????,???????«?????????????»(????????«???»),?????????????“??”(EU),?????????????????????????“???????????????????”(EEC)?“????????”(EC),?«?????????»???????????????«???????????»????

???«?»??,??????????????????????,«?????»??130???????????????,????????????

?????????,??????,?????????“????”????????????????

(??)???

1995?,??????????????????????????«???»????????????,?????????????,???????[6]

1997???,?«??????????????????????:???????????????????????????????»?,[7]???????,???,?????????????????

2000??,??????????????«?????»???????????,???????????,??[8]

??????,?????????????????????,???????????

(??????)??????????????????

?????????,?????????2006?????«?????????????????????????????????????????????»??????,????????,?,??????????????????????,??????????[9]

2007?????????????????,???«?»,????????«?????»??«??????????»,?????????????????????????????«??????????????????»???«?????????????????»???,«???»??????????????88???4??????????????,?,????«??????????»?????????????????“?????????”??????,???????????????????????????[10]

2010???,????«????????2020???????»,?,??[11]

2011??????????,?????«2050???????????»,??????2020????????????????,????,???????????(???????)???????????????????????????,??[12]

???????????????????,??,????

???????????“?”?

???????????????????«?????????????????»????????????107??????????????,??????????,????????????????(???????????????),??????

??????????“???????”??????:???,????????????????????????,?,?;???,????????

?????????2023??????????????7?????????WTO??,[13]???????????????,?????????????“????????????????????????”???????????????“????????”?????????,????????????????????????????,??????2021-2022???2273.5????

??????????????????????,?“???????”?????,?????????????,??

(???????????????????)??????????????????????????????????????“??????????”??????

1. ??“??????”???

2014??????????????,??????«2030?»,???2030?????????,??????????????,?,???????????????2030?????27%,???????????????????????[14]

2015?,????????????«?????»,???????“???????”,?????????????????????????????,??????“??????????????????”??????????????,????,????????[15]

2018???????,?????????????«?????»,???????????????????????????????2030?????????32%,???[16]

?????????????,??«?????????????????????????????????????????????»,??????????????2050??“?????”????????????,??????????“???????????????????????”??????????,????????????????????,??,?????????????[17]

2. ?«????????????????»????«????????????????????»?????“????????”???

2019?????????,?????????«???????»,????????????????????,?,???????2030?????????????????????1990??????55%????2050??“???????”?????????????????

??????????????????????,????????“????”?????,??????????????????????????????,????????????“?????????????”???????????????????????,«??????????????????????????»??:????????????;?????????????????;?????????????????????,???????????????????????,???????????????????????,?????????????????????????,???????[18]

2020???????3?????,?«??????»,??:?;??????????“???????????”;????2021?????????????5??????????????????????????[19]?????????????????????,????????????????????,????????????????,????????,???????????,????????????????????????????????“?????????????”(IPCEI)????,?????????

2022??????,???,???????,?????“REPowerEU”???????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????,??????2030?????????????45%,??[20]

3. ?

2023???????,???«??????????????»,??????????????????«????????????????????????»,???????????????????????????,?“???????”??[21]

2024????????????,??«??????»????????????«??????????»???????????«???»????????????????

«????????????????????????»??????????????[22]?????????????????“???”???;?2030???????,???40%;???????“???????”(NZSPs),?????,?????????????????????????;?????????«??»??????????,?????????????????????????????????

«?????»??????,?????????????2030????????????,??,?????????????-???????????????????????????????,?????“??????????”???????????????????

(??????)????????

1. ????????????????????????

2018??????,?«??????????????:?????????????»,???????????????????????????????????,???????????????????,?,????????????????????“???????”(electro-mobility,????????)?

???????????“?????????????????”(CEF),???,?????????????????????????????????,??,??????????????????????????,???????

2. ??????????

2017????,????????????????????????????“??????????????????????”,?????,?,??,???????[23]

2018???????,?????????????«???????????????»,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????[24]????????????????????????,????????????????????:???????????;???,??????;????????????,???????????????????????????;???????????????;????(??);???

?????,??,?????????????????????“??”????????????????????????“???????????”????????????????????,????,????????????????????

(?????????????????)????????????

1. ???????

2022???????????,?«?????????????»,?????2025??320??(GW)??2030????600??????????????[25]?,????

???,???????:?????????????????????“??????????”,??????????????????????;???;?????????????,?????????????;??

2. ???????????????

?,?,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:?,??????????;??????,??????;???????????????????????;???;????????????

2024??????,???????????????«????»,?????????????????????????????????????,??????????(??????????????????????????)??????????????????????????????????????????????????????“???????”????????,???????????????,??

????????,?,?????“??”????????????????????????????????????????“??”??????,?,?????????

?????????????:??? - ??????????????????????????

(????)??????????????????:??????“?”?????????????????????????

???????????2006????????????????????,???“???”?????????«??????????»«???????»«??»?????,?????????,???????????“?”?????,??????????????????????

????????,“???????????”?“??????????”?????????,?,?????2020?2????????????2026??????????????????????????????12???31??????,??????7230?,????????????????????3380?,350????????????????,???37%?????????????????2024????????????????????4??,?????????879???????????????,???“??????????????????”??????????????25.7%?[26]

“???”(CEF)????????????????????????????????«????????????????????????»?,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????2021-2027????????,????????????????????????59.4??[27]

“????????????????”???????????????????????,????????:“?????????????????????”“????????????”???????????????????“???”?“?????”?,“????????”???“???????????????????”??????????,“?????????????????????”???[28]“????????????????”???????????????????2023?,??2021-2022????2273.5??????????????

(????????)???:???????????????????????

????“????????????????????????”??????????????,??????????“?????????”????????????????????,???!

?????,????,??????,??????????????????,??,???????????????????[29]

???8????????20????,??????????????????,?????????,?????“??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????”???????,????????????????,?????????????????“??????”????????“???????????????”???????,?????,???????????????????????????????????,??????,???????????????????“???????????”,???????[30]

??????????,????????2035?????????????????,?????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????(?)???????????,??????,????????[31]

2024???8?????????9???,??????(WT/DS626????),[32]???????????????????????????????????????«????????????????»?6??????????????«?????????????????»?1?2????????????10?????????????????????????????17????????19???????22???32???,??????????,????????

(????????????????)?:?????????????“????????”?

??????,???????????,???????????????«?»«?????????»«?»?????????????????,??????????“?????????????????????”??????????????????,????????,?????????????????“??”????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????

??,????????????,???????,??????,????????????????????,??“??????????????”??????????????

?????1957???????«?????????»?????????????????“???????????”???????,?«???????»????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????,???“????????????”?????????????

??????????????????????????,2018????2024????????????8??????????????????,??“?????????????????????”??????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????362?????????????????????(??????????????????????320??),?????68?????(????21%),????????61??????(???????17%)?[33]????????,??????,??????“????????????????????”?????

???????|????????????????????? ???? ??

?????????????????

[1]????????????????????:

[2]??????????????«??????????»???298??51???52????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]???:????????????????????????,2024??4???????????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]??:

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[31]

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