????:1???????wx:??????

2????????

3????????

4???????sn

5???????????

??75?????????????75???????,??????????,?????????????????????????????,????,???,?????,???

?,?,?????????????,2023??223?????????????????GDP??89???????????43.6?????????????????????……????????75?,“?”????????????75????????,?“?”?,????,?????

???????? ????????

????????7.9%

?????????

??????????????????,??????????????,?????,?,?????????????1952?????679???????????????????,??1978?3679??????????????;???????,????????,1986????????????1?????,2000??10???????,2006??????????20??????,????????????12?????????10??,2020???????????100??????????????,2023??126????,??????????????,2023???1952??223??,?7.9%;?????????????,19792023????????8.9%,?3.0%??

?GDP??8.9???

????????

1952???,??GDP???119?????????????????????????,?,?????????????GDP???2019??????????????,????????????GDP??70078?????,??????????10158?????????,????1???;2023?????????89358???????????????????,?1952?????89??????????,?6.5%,????????12681????,???3?????1.2????????,2023????(GNI)?????1.34??????????????,??????????

???????

??

?????????,?????????,?????????1952???????????,????????????????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%??????????????,???????????????????????????????????,??????????

???????????,???????????,????,???,???????????????2023??,??????????????????????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%????????????,??????9?1.3???????????,???????????,????????,?????????????????????????????????,????,??“?????????????+”??

“???????????”??????22.4?

???

??????????,??,????????,??????????,???????

20132023????,??????????????8.7%?10.3%,??????,??????????????????5G?????????,“????????????????”?????????????,???????????????????

????2023?,??421????????;??,????????????????

??????,????????????????????,“?????”?????????????2023??,?????????“????????”????????????22.4??,??????????GDP?17.73%?

??????????

?

1949?????????????2.2????????????,?8.1??,???????75???,??,????????,?????????????,??????????

2023???,????15.9????????????,?????????????1949?????6????????????,??4.5???????????,?????????2/3??;?544????????????,???66?????????,??????????18.4??,????????;??????????????????????????????12.8???,???????????74.1%;????876??????????????,2023????1.7????????????????,????????2016?????????10?????????,????????,??????????????????????????????????????

?3.92???????

?????????????????????

1949?49.7?????1978??,???????171???,????????????????151?,?????????,?,????????????,????,???????????????????2023?????????????,??39218????????????????,????????1949???????76??,?????????????6.0%;???26796?????????????????,???????????1956????36??????????,???5.5%?

?,????????????????,??????????????????2023???????????????????,???29.8%,????1978?34.1??????;?????????45.2%,????????????????????2013?5.5????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????,????????????????????2023?,????49.7????,??145.9??????,?2013?????2.9???????2.1?????????????

?

?????

???????????????????????????,???????????????,???????????

??,????????????????,???????????????????,???????,??????,????????????????????,?????????

2023??,??????????10.66????,?????1989?10.09??????????????????????????;?????2.44????3.02????,????????????1994????????1.64???????????2.84?????????????,?,?,???

9899????

??????

??,????????????????????20?5070??,??????????????,???????????????????,????????????“???????????????????????”???,????????????????????????????????,??

??????????,?????,????????????????????????8????????????,???????????2020??????????9899?????????,832??????????,12.8?????????????????,???????,????????????,??10??«????2030??»?,??????????????????????????,???????

???????60%

????????

?,???????????,??,???

2023?,???????????????????????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;???????????1.6??4542??,????1949????6.4???103??,??????(OECD)??????????

???,??????????????,?????2023?????????????,???60%,??????????????;?1982??????????????????8?11.05??,?????

????

??????

1950???????????,?????????11.3??,??1978??????????206????????????,?????????????,2001?????????????????????,?????,??

????????????????,?,??????,???????????????1978?1%??????????2023??????????12.4%,???????7???????????????“??”???????????????,?150???????????30?230?????????“????????”?????????,??????25???200?,??“???”?

?????

??

???????????????????,????,??????????,??????????????????????,??????????????1999?,??????????????????????????????????????????????2012???????????????????????,???,??4.9,?1952???????????8.1?

?????,????????????????????????????????????,??20132023??????????,??????6.9%?7.1%,?????????2023???,??????????????????46.7%?24.4%,????2012??????2.9??????0.9???????????

?46.3??

??????????

??????,????,????1956???????????“???????????”?????????,?????????????,???????,??????????,???????????

??,??????????????,???????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????“?????”,??????????????,???11????,???,????????????????????2023????????????,?????????????????????,?????46.3???

??????????????66%

??????????

???????,??????????????1949?????????10.64%,1978??????????17.92%???,??????????????????,?????????????2023?,?????????9.3???,????????????1978??????????????7.6?;??????????????????????????????66.16%,?????48.24?????????????

?,?,?,??????????????2023??,????????????????????????48.3%,???????2015?8.4??????????????????????,??,???????????,???????2012???2.88:1??????????2023??2.39:1?2023???,?????12.4:1,???????????2013??1.4?2023??460????,??????99%????????,?????????14.4??

?3246??????????6833???????

???????

1949??????,???????,??????????,??????????,??2023?????,????3246?????????????6833?????????????????,????1949?????59??325?????;?????119????????????(???????????????)?

???,???????????,?,???,?????????????????2022???????????????????????,??????????????????????????????4.46%,?2013???0.77??;???2012??????????????888???2023???1622????????????????

???78.6??????????

?

????????,????,??????75????????,???????????????????,??????????,????????2023??????????????,??????????107?????????,???1017?????,????????1249?????

?,?????????????,????????,?????2023?????????,????????????13.34????,???2018????95%????????????2023????????,????????????????78.6???????????????????,??????1949???????????43.6??????,????????

??????????24.02%

?

20????50?,???????????,????????????,??,????????????“???????”??2022???,?9014??????????????????,???????20??????????80??????????25?????????30????????;???18%,???????????????

??????????,“????”??????????????24.02%?2023???????,???(PM2.5)?2016???????????28.6%,???????????????????????????????????21.6????????????????????????,?????????????????????,??????????????????“??????????”??“????????”,?????????????(??????????) ?????????:??????????