????:1???????????:???????

2?????

3????????????

4???????

5?????????

??????????75?????75?,????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????,???,???????,??

????,??????????,?????????????,2023???????????223??????GDP????89????????????????????43.6???????????????????????……???75?,“???????”??????????????????75????????,??????????“????”???????,???????????????,??????????????????????????

????? ????

????7.9%

????????

????,???????????,????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,??????1952????????????679????????????????,????????1978???????3679??????????;?,??????????????????????????,1986?1??,2000???10???,2006????????20????????,??????12??????10????,2020??????????100??,2023??126?????????????,????????????,2023??????????????1952??223??,????7.9%;????,19792023??????????????8.9%,??????3.0%???????????

?????????GDP??????????8.9????

????????

1952????????????????,????GDP??119?????????????????,???????,?GDP????????2019??????????????,?????????????????????GDP?70078??????????????????????????????,??????10158??????????,??????????1????????????;2023????????89358???,???????1952?????89??????????,??6.5%,????12681?,????3??1.2????????????????,2023??????????(GNI)?1.34????????,???

?????

???????????????????

???????,??,???1952??,???????????????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%??????????????,???????????,????????

?,???????????????????,???,???????,???????2023?,?????????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%???,??????????????????9?1.3??????????,??????????????,?,??????????????????????????????????????,????????,?“?+”??

“???????????”??????????22.4????????

?????????

?????,?????????,???,??,?????????????????????????

20132023????,?????8.7%?10.3%,?????,????????????5G?????????????,“??”?,?????????????

?2023???????????????????????,??421???????;?,????????????????????????????????????????

????????????,??????????????,“????????????????????”??????????2023??,???“?????????”????????22.4???,?GDP?17.73%?

?

????

1949?2.2??????????????,?????8.1????????????,???75??,?,????????????,????,?????????????????

2023????????????,????????15.9?,?1949???????????6?,??4.5?????????????,?2/3???????;???????????????????544???,???66??,?18.4??????,????????????;??12.8?,????74.1%;?????????????876????????????????????????,2023?????????1.7??,??????????2016????10????,????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????

?3.92???

?????????

1949??49.7????????1978???????????????????????,???????????????????171?????????????,?????????????151??,???????????,?????,????????????,?????,???2023???????????,??????????39218??????????,?1949????????76????????,????????6.0%;????????????26796???????,??????????1956??36???????,?????????5.5%?

?????????,????,???????2023????????????,??????????29.8%,????1978?????34.1???;?45.2%,???????2013?????5.5???????????????,??,????2023?,?49.7????,??145.9????,????????2013????2.9???????????2.1????

?

?

?????????????????,??????????????????,?????

??????????,??????????????????????????????????????,????,????????,?????,???,?????????????

2023??????,???????10.66?,?1989???10.09??????;????????????2.44?????????????????3.02????????????,?????1994?????????1.64?????2.84??????,?????,??????????,??????????

9899????

???

????????,??????????????????????????????20??5070???????,??,??????????,?“?”??,????????????????????????????????????,????????????????

???????,?,????????????8?????????,????????2020?????????9899?,832????????,12.8???,?????,??????????,??????10????????????????«?????????2030?»??,??????????,??????

????60%

??

????????????,????????,?,???????????????

2023??,????????????????????????????????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;???????????1.6???4542???????????????????????,???????1949??6.4????103??,????????(OECD)??

???????????,?????????????????,???????????2023???,??60%,????????????????;???1982????????8?????11.05???????,????????????????????????

????

??????????

1950????,?????11.3??,??1978???206????????????????????????????,?,2001???????????????????????,?????????,??????

????????????,?????????????,??,?????????????????1978????????????1%??2023??????????????12.4%,???????????7???????????????????????“?”?????????????,????150????????30??230?????????“????????”?????????,??25????200??,?“??????????????”?

????????????????

??????????

?????????????,??????,?????????????????????????,?????,????????1999?????????,???????????2012????????,??????????????,?4.9,?????1952??????8.1?

????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????20132023???,????????6.9%?7.1%,???2023????,????????46.7%?24.4%,????2012?2.9???????????0.9????

?46.3???

?

??????????,??????????,???????1956??“??”???,????????????????????,???????,???????????????????,??????????

??????????,?????????????????,?,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?“?????????????????????”,????,????????11?,?????,?????????????????2023????????????,???????????,??????????46.3???????

??66%

??

???????????????????,????????1949???10.64%,1978?17.92%????????????????,???????????????????,????????2023??,??????????????????????9.3??????????,??????????1978??????7.6???;????????66.16%,??????????????48.24????

??????????,?,?????????,??2023???,?????48.3%,??2015??????8.4????????????,??,?????,??????????????????????2012??2.88:1???????????2023?????????2.39:1?2023??,??????????12.4:1,??????2013???????????????1.4?2023?460????????,????????????99%?????????????,?????????14.4???????????

????????3246????????????????????????????6833?????????????

???????????????

1949??,????????????????,?????????,???????,???2023????,????3246???????????????6833???????????,??1949??????????59??325???;?119??????????(??????????)?

?????????,??,??????,???????????????,?????2022????,??4.46%,???????????2013?0.77???;??????2012????888?????2023????????????????????????1622?????

??????????????78.6??????

?

?????????????,??????????,????????????75??????????,??,??,???????2023???,??????????????????????????????107???????????,??1017???,???????????????????1249?????????????????

???????????????????,?????,??????????,????2023????????????,???????????13.34?,??2018????????95%????2023??,???78.6??,?????????1949?43.6??,???

????????????24.02%

??????????????

20????50???????????,?,???????????????????,?????????????????,?????????“??”????2022???,????9014????,??????????????20????????????????80????????25???30?;???????????18%,???????????

?,“?”?????????????24.02%?2023??,????????????(PM2.5)????2016?????????28.6%,?????????????????????21.6?????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,???????????????“??????????????????????????????”??“????????”,????(?????) ???????????:????