?????????? ??????????????????????????

2024?????8???20????????????????????,??(AS689)????????????,[1]?17%-36.3%?????????????????????(?9%)???2023???9????13?“?????????????”??????????????????,????????,????????2023????????????????10?4?????????????????,??????????????????????????????,??????????“???????”?????,???????????

????????,????,???????????????????,???“???????????????”(?????????????????????)??????????????????,??????????«????»?,???“?????????????????????????????”????????????2019??????«??????»????????????????????????,????????????????????????,????“?”????????2020??????????????????????????????,??????????«?????»,??????????????????????????,???????????“?”???????????????,???????,???,?????

???????“??????????????????”??,?????????????????

????????

(?????????????)?,?????

1. ??????????

???????,??????1951?????????????????,???????(???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)??«???????????????»,????????“???????????????????????”(ECSC),??,?????,??????????????????????????????

1957??,??????«???»?????«???»????“?”(Euratom),??????????????(???????????????????),????,????????,??????????????“??”(EEC),???????????????,??????????????,?????????????????????????????????92????????????????????94???(state aid),????????????????[2]

2. ?????

1965???,??????????????«??????????????????????»,??,??????,?????,?«??»????????

1974??????,?«?1985??????»,???????1985???50%,?????????????????,??????????????[3]

?????????,????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,??,???????,??????????

(??)??

1980??????,???????????????«???1990????????»,??????,?????????????????????[4]?????????????1974????

1986????????????????????,??«?????????»,[5]???????,??????,????????????

???????,???????,???????????,??????????

????????

1992????,????????????????????«?»(??????????????«?»),???“??????????????”(EU),???????????????????“?????????????”(EEC)???????????????????“??????”(EC),???????????«??????»???«???»??????????????????

???????«?????????????»??????????,??????,«?»???????????????????130????????,???????

??,??????,?“??????????”????????????????????????

(????)??????

1995??,???«?????»???????,????????????????????,???????????[6]

1997??????????????????,??????????????????????«???????????????????????????:??????????????»???,[7]????????????,??????,????????????????????????

2000????,????????«?????????????????????»??,??????????????????????????,??[8]

???,????,??????

(????????)?????

????????????????,?????????????????2006???????«???????????????????»??,??????????????????????????????,??,???,?????[9]

2007?????????????,????????????????????«?????»,???????????????«??????»??«??????????????????????????»,???????????????«?????????????»?????????????????????«??????????»?????,«??»???88????????4??????,?????????????????,?????????????«?»???????“????????”??????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????[10]

2010?????,?????«???2020?»,??,???????????[11]

2011??????????????,????????????«2050?????»,?????????????????2020?????,??????,????????(????????????????)?????????????,????????????[12]

?????????,????,????

?????????“????”?????????

??????????????????????«?????????????»????????????????107?,??????????????????,?????(?????),???????

?????????????????????“??????????????????????????????”?????????????????:??,?,??,???????????;????????????????,????????????????

?2023?????7???????????????????WTO????????????,[13]????????????,??????????“???????????????????????????”????????“?????????????????”??????????????,?????????????????????????????,????????????2021-2022????????????????????????2273.5??????????????

???,??????“?”??????????????,??????????,????

(????)??????“????”???????

1. ???“??????????????”?????

2014??????????,??????«2030??????????????»,?2030?????????????????,????????????????,??????????????????????,????2030??27%,???????????????????????????????????????[14]

2015?????,???????«?????»,?“????”,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????“?????????????”??????????,???????????????,??????????[15]

2018?????????,??????????????????«?????»,??????2030??????32%,????[16]

?,???«????????????????????»,???????????2050???????“???”???????????????,?????“????????????????????”?,????????????????????,????????????????????????,???????[17]

2. ???«????»????????????«???????»??“????????”?

2019??????????,????????«??????????????????????»,???????????????????????????????,???????????????????,????????????2030???1990?????????????????????55%?????2050?????“????????”????

????????????????????,?????????????????????“???????????????”?,???????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????“????????????”??????????????????????????????,«??????????????»?:???????;?????????????????????????????;??,?,?????????????????????????,??????????????,???????[18]

2020?3?????????????????????,???????«??????»,???????:??????????;??“?????”;?????????????2021??5??????[19]??????????,???????????????,???????????,?????????,??????????????????,??????????“??????”(IPCEI)???,?????

2022?????????,????????????,??????,?????????????????“REPowerEU”??????,?????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????,????????????????2030??????45%,??????????????????[20]

3. ???????????????????????????????

2023?,?????????????????????«???»,????????????«????????»,????????????????????????,??????????????????“??”???????????[21]

2024???????????,????????????«??»?????«??»????????«?????????????????????»??????????

«?????????????????»???????[22]?“?????????????”?;???????????2030???,??????40%;????????????????“?????”(NZSPs),??????????????????,??;????????????«???????????????????????????»???????,??????????????????

«????????»?,????????????????2030???????????,?,??????-????????????,???????????????????“?”??????

(?)???

1. ????????

2018????????????????,??«????????????????????????:?????»,????????,????????????????,?,???“????????????”(electro-mobility,??????????????)?

???“?????????”(CEF),???,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?,???,??????

2. ????

2017????????????????,???????????????????????“???”,???????????????,?????????????,???,??????????????[23]

2018???,???«??»,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????[24]???,?:??????????????????????????????;??,???;??,???;?;????(??);?????????

????????????????????????,???????,???????????????????????????“????????”????????????“?”??,?????,?????????????????????????????????

(????????????)???????????????

1. ??

2022???????????,??????????????«???????????????????»,??????????????????????2025???320?????(GW)??????????2030??????????600?????????[25]?????????????,???

??????????????,?????????????????:??????????“?”,??????????????;?????????;???????????,?;????

2. ?????????

??????????????????????????????,?????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:???????,???;?????,????;????;??????????????;???

2024????????,?????????????????«??????»,??????????????????????????????????????????????,??(???????????)????????????????????????“???”??????????,???????????????,???????????????????????

??????????,?,??????????“????”????????????????????“?????”??,????????????,??????

??????:??????????????????? - ?????????????????????????????????????????????

(???)???:????????????“????????????????????????????????”??????

?????2006??????????????????,???????“?????”?????????????«????????????»«??»«??????????»?,?????????????????,?????“???????????????????”???????,????????????????

???????????????,“??”?“??????????”??????,?,??????2020????????2?2026????????12????31??????????????????????????,??7230????????????????????,??3380???????,3850?????????????,??????37%?????????????????????????2024???4?,????????????????????????879???????????????,??????????“????????????????????”?????25.7%?[26]

“???????????????”(CEF)??????«?»?????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????2021-2027????????????????????,????????59.4????????????[27]

“?”??????????????,???:“???????”“????????????????????”??????????????“??????????”?“???”????????,“???????”??????“?????????????????”?,“???”???[28]“??”?????????????????????????????2023??????????????,?????2021-2022???2273.5?????????

(??????)?????????:????????????????????????

?“???”????????????????????????,?“???”??????????????????????,?????????!

?,???,?????,?????????????????????????????????????,???????????,???????????[29]

???????????8??????????20???????,????,??????????????????????,??????????“?????????????????????????”?????????????????????,??????,??????“??????????????????”???“??????”????????????????????????,????,????????,?,???????????????????????????????????“????????”,????????[30]

???????,???2035????????????????,?????????,???????????(???)??????,????????????,??????????[31]

2024???????????8?9???????????,????????(WT/DS626????????),[32]??????????????????????«??»??6????????????????«????????????»????1?2???????????????????????????????10???????17????????????????????????19?????????????????????????22?32?????????????,?????????????????????,??????

(??????????????)??:??????????????“?????????????”?????

????????????????????,??????????????????????,?????????????«??????»«?»«?»???????????????????,?????????“??????????????”?????,??????????????,????????????“??”??????????????,??????????????????

???????????????,??????,??????????????????????,???????????????,???????????,?“?????????????”???????????????????????

????1957????????????????«??????????????»?“?”????,?????????????«?????????????»????????????,?????????????????????,??????????“??????”?????????????????????????????

??????,2018?????????????????????????2024?????????????????????????????8???????,?“????”???,??????????????????????????????????????????362?(??320???????????),??68???????????????(??????????21%),???????61???????????????????(????????17%)?[33]????,??,??????“?”?????

?????????|???????????????????????? ????? ????????

?????

[1]???????????????????????:

[2]?????????????«???????»????????????298???????????51?????52?????????????????????????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]??????????????????????:??????????????????????,2024??????????4???

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]??:

[30]???????????????????????????????????:

[31]

[32]???????????????(WT/DS626??????):

[33] ??????????????????????:???????????? “???????????”????

?? ??????“????????????”???

??????“????????????”???
??
2024-08-24 01:52:14

????:1????????????:???????

2????????????

3?dbj?????

4??????????

5????????

?????????? ??????????????????????????

2024?????8???20????????????????????,??(AS689)????????????,[1]?17%-36.3%?????????????????????(?9%)???2023???9????13?“?????????????”??????????????????,????????,????????2023????????????????10?4?????????????????,??????????????????????????????,??????????“???????”?????,???????????

????????,????,???????????????????,???“???????????????”(?????????????????????)??????????????????,??????????«????»?,???“?????????????????????????????”????????????2019??????«??????»????????????????????????,????????????????????????,????“?”????????2020??????????????????????????????,??????????«?????»,??????????????????????????,???????????“?”???????????????,???????,???,?????

???????“??????????????????”??,?????????????????

????????

(?????????????)?,?????

1. ??????????

???????,??????1951?????????????????,???????(???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)??«???????????????»,????????“???????????????????????”(ECSC),??,?????,??????????????????????????????

1957??,??????«???»?????«???»????“?”(Euratom),??????????????(???????????????????),????,????????,??????????????“??”(EEC),???????????????,??????????????,?????????????????????????????????92????????????????????94???(state aid),????????????????[2]

2. ?????

1965???,??????????????«??????????????????????»,??,??????,?????,?«??»????????

1974??????,?«?1985??????»,???????1985???50%,?????????????????,??????????????[3]

?????????,????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,??,???????,??????????

(??)??

1980??????,???????????????«???1990????????»,??????,?????????????????????[4]?????????????1974????

1986????????????????????,??«?????????»,[5]???????,??????,????????????

???????,???????,???????????,??????????

????????

1992????,????????????????????«?»(??????????????«?»),???“??????????????”(EU),???????????????????“?????????????”(EEC)???????????????????“??????”(EC),???????????«??????»???«???»??????????????????

???????«?????????????»??????????,??????,«?»???????????????????130????????,???????

??,??????,?“??????????”????????????????????????

(????)??????

1995??,???«?????»???????,????????????????????,???????????[6]

1997??????????????????,??????????????????????«???????????????????????????:??????????????»???,[7]????????????,??????,????????????????????????

2000????,????????«?????????????????????»??,??????????????????????????,??[8]

???,????,??????

(????????)?????

????????????????,?????????????????2006???????«???????????????????»??,??????????????????????????????,??,???,?????[9]

2007?????????????,????????????????????«?????»,???????????????«??????»??«??????????????????????????»,???????????????«?????????????»?????????????????????«??????????»?????,«??»???88????????4??????,?????????????????,?????????????«?»???????“????????”??????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????[10]

2010?????,?????«???2020?»,??,???????????[11]

2011??????????????,????????????«2050?????»,?????????????????2020?????,??????,????????(????????????????)?????????????,????????????[12]

?????????,????,????

?????????“????”?????????

??????????????????????«?????????????»????????????????107?,??????????????????,?????(?????),???????

?????????????????????“??????????????????????????????”?????????????????:??,?,??,???????????;????????????????,????????????????

?2023?????7???????????????????WTO????????????,[13]????????????,??????????“???????????????????????????”????????“?????????????????”??????????????,?????????????????????????????,????????????2021-2022????????????????????????2273.5??????????????

???,??????“?”??????????????,??????????,????

(????)??????“????”???????

1. ???“??????????????”?????

2014??????????,??????«2030??????????????»,?2030?????????????????,????????????????,??????????????????????,????2030??27%,???????????????????????????????????????[14]

2015?????,???????«?????»,?“????”,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????“?????????????”??????????,???????????????,??????????[15]

2018?????????,??????????????????«?????»,??????2030??????32%,????[16]

?,???«????????????????????»,???????????2050???????“???”???????????????,?????“????????????????????”?,????????????????????,????????????????????????,???????[17]

2. ???«????»????????????«???????»??“????????”?

2019??????????,????????«??????????????????????»,???????????????????????????????,???????????????????,????????????2030???1990?????????????????????55%?????2050?????“????????”????

????????????????????,?????????????????????“???????????????”?,???????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????“????????????”??????????????????????????????,«??????????????»?:???????;?????????????????????????????;??,?,?????????????????????????,??????????????,???????[18]

2020?3?????????????????????,???????«??????»,???????:??????????;??“?????”;?????????????2021??5??????[19]??????????,???????????????,???????????,?????????,??????????????????,??????????“??????”(IPCEI)???,?????

2022?????????,????????????,??????,?????????????????“REPowerEU”??????,?????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????,????????????????2030??????45%,??????????????????[20]

3. ???????????????????????????????

2023?,?????????????????????«???»,????????????«????????»,????????????????????????,??????????????????“??”???????????[21]

2024???????????,????????????«??»?????«??»????????«?????????????????????»??????????

«?????????????????»???????[22]?“?????????????”?;???????????2030???,??????40%;????????????????“?????”(NZSPs),??????????????????,??;????????????«???????????????????????????»???????,??????????????????

«????????»?,????????????????2030???????????,?,??????-????????????,???????????????????“?”??????

(?)???

1. ????????

2018????????????????,??«????????????????????????:?????»,????????,????????????????,?,???“????????????”(electro-mobility,??????????????)?

???“?????????”(CEF),???,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?,???,??????

2. ????

2017????????????????,???????????????????????“???”,???????????????,?????????????,???,??????????????[23]

2018???,???«??»,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????[24]???,?:??????????????????????????????;??,???;??,???;?;????(??);?????????

????????????????????????,???????,???????????????????????????“????????”????????????“?”??,?????,?????????????????????????????????

(????????????)???????????????

1. ??

2022???????????,??????????????«???????????????????»,??????????????????????2025???320?????(GW)??????????2030??????????600?????????[25]?????????????,???

??????????????,?????????????????:??????????“?”,??????????????;?????????;???????????,?;????

2. ?????????

??????????????????????????????,?????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:???????,???;?????,????;????;??????????????;???

2024????????,?????????????????«??????»,??????????????????????????????????????????????,??(???????????)????????????????????????“???”??????????,???????????????,???????????????????????

??????????,?,??????????“????”????????????????????“?????”??,????????????,??????

??????:??????????????????? - ?????????????????????????????????????????????

(???)???:????????????“????????????????????????????????”??????

?????2006??????????????????,???????“?????”?????????????«????????????»«??»«??????????»?,?????????????????,?????“???????????????????”???????,????????????????

???????????????,“??”?“??????????”??????,?,??????2020????????2?2026????????12????31??????????????????????????,??7230????????????????????,??3380???????,3850?????????????,??????37%?????????????????????????2024???4?,????????????????????????879???????????????,??????????“????????????????????”?????25.7%?[26]

“???????????????”(CEF)??????«?»?????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????2021-2027????????????????????,????????59.4????????????[27]

“?”??????????????,???:“???????”“????????????????????”??????????????“??????????”?“???”????????,“???????”??????“?????????????????”?,“???”???[28]“??”?????????????????????????????2023??????????????,?????2021-2022???2273.5?????????

(??????)?????????:????????????????????????

?“???”????????????????????????,?“???”??????????????????????,?????????!

?,???,?????,?????????????????????????????????????,???????????,???????????[29]

???????????8??????????20???????,????,??????????????????????,??????????“?????????????????????????”?????????????????????,??????,??????“??????????????????”???“??????”????????????????????????,????,????????,?,???????????????????????????????????“????????”,????????[30]

???????,???2035????????????????,?????????,???????????(???)??????,????????????,??????????[31]

2024???????????8?9???????????,????????(WT/DS626????????),[32]??????????????????????«??»??6????????????????«????????????»????1?2???????????????????????????????10???????17????????????????????????19?????????????????????????22?32?????????????,?????????????????????,??????

(??????????????)??:??????????????“?????????????”?????

????????????????????,??????????????????????,?????????????«??????»«?»«?»???????????????????,?????????“??????????????”?????,??????????????,????????????“??”??????????????,??????????????????

???????????????,??????,??????????????????????,???????????????,???????????,?“?????????????”???????????????????????

????1957????????????????«??????????????»?“?”????,?????????????«?????????????»????????????,?????????????????????,??????????“??????”?????????????????????????????

??????,2018?????????????????????????2024?????????????????????????????8???????,?“????”???,??????????????????????????????????????????362?(??320???????????),??68???????????????(??????????21%),???????61???????????????????(????????17%)?[33]????,??,??????“?”?????

?????????|???????????????????????? ????? ????????

?????

[1]???????????????????????:

[2]?????????????«???????»????????????298???????????51?????52?????????????????????????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]??????????????????????:??????????????????????,2024??????????4???

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

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