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2024?????8???20????????????????????,??(AS689)????????????,[1]?17%-36.3%?????????????????????(?9%)???2023???9????13????????????????????????????????,????????,????????2023????????????????10?4?????????????????,??????????????????????????????,??????????????????????,???????????
????????,????,???????????????????,??????????????????(?????????????????????)??????????????????,??????????«????»?,????????????????????????????????????????????2019??????«??????»????????????????????????,????????????????????????,?????????????2020??????????????????????????????,??????????«?????»,??????????????????????????,???????????????????????????,???????,???,?????
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(?????????????)?,?????
1. ??????????
???????,??????1951?????????????????,???????(???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)??«???????????????»,???????????????????????????????(ECSC),??,?????,??????????????????????????????
1957??,??????«???»?????«???»?????(Euratom),??????????????(???????????????????),????,????????,????????????????(EEC),???????????????,??????????????,?????????????????????????????????92????????????????????94???(state aid),????????????????[2]
2. ?????
1965???,??????????????«??????????????????????»,??,??????,?????,?«??»????????
1974??????,?«?1985??????»,???????1985???50%,?????????????????,??????????????[3]
?????????,????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,??,???????,??????????
(??)??
1980??????,???????????????«???1990????????»,??????,?????????????????????[4]?????????????1974????
1986????????????????????,??«?????????»,[5]???????,??????,????????????
???????,???????,???????????,??????????
????????
1992????,????????????????????«?»(??????????????«?»),?????????????????(EU),????????????????????????????????(EEC)?????????????????????????(EC),???????????«??????»???«???»??????????????????
???????«?????????????»??????????,??????,«?»???????????????????130????????,???????
??,??????,???????????????????????????????????
(????)??????
1995??,???«?????»???????,????????????????????,???????????[6]
1997??????????????????,??????????????????????«???????????????????????????:??????????????»???,[7]????????????,??????,????????????????????????
2000????,????????«?????????????????????»??,??????????????????????????,??[8]
???,????,??????
(????????)?????
????????????????,?????????????????2006???????«???????????????????»??,??????????????????????????????,??,???,?????[9]
2007?????????????,????????????????????«?????»,???????????????«??????»??«??????????????????????????»,???????????????«?????????????»?????????????????????«??????????»?????,«??»???88????????4??????,?????????????????,?????????????«?»?????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????[10]
2010?????,?????«???2020?»,??,???????????[11]
2011??????????????,????????????«2050?????»,?????????????????2020?????,??????,????????(????????????????)?????????????,????????????[12]
?????????,????,????
??????????????????????
??????????????????????«?????????????»????????????????107?,??????????????????,?????(?????),???????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:??,?,??,???????????;????????????????,????????????????
?2023?????7???????????????????WTO????????????,[13]????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,????????????2021-2022????????????????????????2273.5??????????????
???,?????????????????????,??????????,????
(????)?????????????????
1. ??????????????????????
2014??????????,??????«2030??????????????»,?2030?????????????????,????????????????,??????????????????????,????2030??27%,???????????????????????????????????????[14]
2015?????,???????«?????»,?????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,???????????????,??????????[15]
2018?????????,??????????????????«?????»,??????2030??????32%,????[16]
?,???«????????????????????»,???????????2050?????????????????????????,??????????????????????????,????????????????????,????????????????????????,???????[17]
2. ???«????»????????????«???????»???????????
2019??????????,????????«??????????????????????»,???????????????????????????????,???????????????????,????????????2030???1990?????????????????????55%?????2050?????????????????
????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????,«??????????????»?:???????;?????????????????????????????;??,?,?????????????????????????,??????????????,???????[18]
2020?3?????????????????????,???????«??????»,???????:??????????;???????;?????????????2021??5??????[19]??????????,???????????????,???????????,?????????,??????????????????,????????????????(IPCEI)???,?????
2022?????????,????????????,??????,?????????????????REPowerEU??????,?????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????,????????????????2030??????45%,??????????????????[20]
3. ???????????????????????????????
2023?,?????????????????????«???»,????????????«????????»,????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????[21]
2024???????????,????????????«??»?????«??»????????«?????????????????????»??????????
«?????????????????»???????[22]???????????????;???????????2030???,??????40%;?????????????????????(NZSPs),??????????????????,??;????????????«???????????????????????????»???????,??????????????????
«????????»?,????????????????2030???????????,?,??????-????????????,??????????????????????????
(?)???
1. ????????
2018????????????????,??«????????????????????????:?????»,????????,????????????????,?,???????????????(electro-mobility,??????????????)?
????????????(CEF),???,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?,???,??????
2. ????
2017????????????????,??????????????????????????,???????????????,?????????????,???,??????????????[23]
2018???,???«??»,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????[24]???,?:??????????????????????????????;??,???;??,???;?;????(??);?????????
????????????????????????,???????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????,?????????????????????????????????
(????????????)???????????????
1. ??
2022???????????,??????????????«???????????????????»,??????????????????????2025???320?????(GW)??????????2030??????????600?????????[25]?????????????,???
??????????????,?????????????????:???????????,??????????????;?????????;???????????,?;????
2. ?????????
??????????????????????????????,?????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:???????,???;?????,????;????;??????????????;???
2024????????,?????????????????«??????»,??????????????????????????????????????????????,??(???????????)?????????????????????????????????????,???????????????,???????????????????????
??????????,?,?????????????????????????????????????????,????????????,??????
??????:??????????????????? - ?????????????????????????????????????????????
(???)???:??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????2006??????????????????,?????????????????????????«????????????»«??»«??????????»?,?????????????????,???????????????????????????????,????????????????
???????????????,???????????????????,?,??????2020????????2?2026????????12????31??????????????????????????,??7230????????????????????,??3380???????,3850?????????????,??????37%?????????????????????????2024???4?,????????????????????????879???????????????,???????????????????????????????????25.7%?[26]
???????????????(CEF)??????«?»?????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????2021-2027????????????????????,????????59.4????????????[27]
???????????????,???:???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????,??????[28]???????????????????????????????2023??????????????,?????2021-2022???2273.5?????????
(??????)?????????:????????????????????????
????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????,?????????!
?,???,?????,?????????????????????????????????????,???????????,???????????[29]
???????????8??????????20???????,????,??????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????,????????,?,???????????????????????????????????????????,????????[30]
???????,???2035????????????????,?????????,???????????(???)??????,????????????,??????????[31]
2024???????????8?9???????????,????????(WT/DS626????????),[32]??????????????????????«??»??6????????????????«????????????»????1?2???????????????????????????????10???????17????????????????????????19?????????????????????????22?32?????????????,?????????????????????,??????
(??????????????)??:????????????????????????????????
????????????????????,??????????????????????,?????????????«??????»«?»«?»???????????????????,????????????????????????????,??????????????,????????????????????????????,??????????????????
???????????????,??????,??????????????????????,???????????????,???????????,?????????????????????????????????????
????1957????????????????«??????????????»??????,?????????????«?????????????»????????????,?????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????
??????,2018?????????????????????????2024?????????????????????????????8???????,????????,??????????????????????????????????????????362?(??320???????????),??68???????????????(??????????21%),???????61???????????????????(????????17%)?[33]????,??,????????????
?????????|???????????????????????? ????? ????????
?????
[1]???????????????????????:
[2]?????????????«???????»????????????298???????????51?????52?????????????????????????
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]??????????????????????:??????????????????????,2024??????????4???
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]??:
[30]???????????????????????????????????:
[31]
[32]???????????????(WT/DS626??????):
[33] ??????????????????????:????????????