????:2024-08-23 15:24:35 ??:????
????:????????????:??????????
?????? ??????????????????????????????
2024??8??????????????????20??????,?(AS689)???????,[1]???????17%-36.3%?????????????????(?9%)??2023????????9??????????13?????????????????????,?????????????,??2023????10??????????????4????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????,????????
???????,??????,????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????(?????????)????,????????????????????«??????»?,?????????????????????????????????????2019?«????»????????,??????????,???????????????2020????,???????????????«????????????»,???????????,???????????,???????????????,??????,?????
????????????????????????????????????,???????
????????????????
(???????????)??????,????
1. ??????????
?????,??????????????1951???????,???(??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)???????????????????«?????»,??????????????????????????????????????(ECSC),??????????????,??,????????????????????????????
1957????????????,???????«???»??????????????????????????«???????»????????(Euratom),??????????????(??????????????????),?????,??????????????????????,?????????(EEC),??????????,??????????????????,?????????????????92??????????94?????(state aid),??????????????????[2]
2. ??
1965??????,?????????????«??????????????????»,??????????????,???????????,?????????????,????????????????????????«????????»??????????????????????
1974???????????,?????????????«??????????????1985??»,????????????1985?????????50%,????????,???[3]
????????????????????????,???????????????,?????????,?????????????????????,???????????,??????????
(??)?????????????
1980?????,?????????«?1990?????????»,???????,??????????????[4]???????????1974?????
1986????,???«???????????????????»,[5]????,?????,????
????????????,????,????????????,???????
???????
1992????,?«???????????????»(?????????????????«???»),????????????(EU),????????????????????????????(EEC)???????????????????????????????????(EC),????????«????»?«???????????»??????
?«??????????????????»?????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,«?»???????????????130?????????????????,?????
???,???,??????????????????
(?)????????????
1995?,??«?????????????»???????????????,??????????????????????,??[6]
1997?,?????????????«????????????????:??????????????????????????»?,[7]??????????????,?,??????
2000???????????????????????????,??«????????????»??????,???,???????[8]
???????????,????????,???????????????????
(???????)????????????????????
????????????????,?????????2006?«??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????»????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????,??????????????????,??????[9]
2007?,??«???????????»,????????«????????????????»??????????«??????????????????????????????»,??????«?»?????????????«?????»???,«??»????????????88????????????????????4??????,?,????«?»????????????????????????????????????,????????????????[10]
2010???,?«??2020???»,???,??[11]
2011?,???????????????????????????????«2050???»,?????????????2020???,?,??(?????????)???????????????????????????,????[12]
??,????????,?????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????
??«???»?????????????107???????????????????,??????????????????????????,??????(???????),???????
??????????????:?????????????,??,??????,???????;?????????????????,??
??????????2023??????????????????7????????WTO?,[13]??????????????,????????????????????????,???????,????2021-2022?????????????????2273.5???
???????,????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????,????
(????????)??????????????????????????????????????
1. ???????????????????????
2014?,??«2030?»,?????????2030???????????????????????,???????????,?????,?????????2030?27%,????????????????????????????????????????????????[14]
2015?????????????????,????????????«?????????»,????????????,?????????????????????????????,?????????????????,????,??[15]
2018??????????????????,?????????«?????????»,????????????????2030?????32%,????[16]
??????,??????«????????????????????????????????????????????»,????????2050????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????,??????[17]
2. ???????????????????????«?????»??????«?????»????????????????????
2019????????????????????????,???????????????«?????»,?????????????????,???,??2030?????????????????1990?????????55%????2050???????????????
??,????????,???????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????,«????????????????»??:??;?????????????????????????;???????????,??????????????,?????????????,??????????????????,??????[18]
2020??3???,???????????????????????????«???????????????»,?:?????;???????????????????????????????;?????2021????????????????????5????????????????????????[19]???????,???????????????,?????????????,????????????????,????,?????????????(IPCEI)?????,?????????
2022?,??????????????,??????????????,??????REPowerEU?,??????????????????????????????????????????,???????????,?????????????????2030????45%,?????[20]
3. ????????????????????
2023????????????????????,??«????????????????????»,?????????????«??»,????????????,????????????????????[21]
2024?????,????«??»??«????????????????»??????«??????????»?????????????
«???????????????????»????[22]????????????????????????????????????;??????????2030???????????,??????40%;???????(NZSPs),???????????????,????????????;?«?????????????»????,???????
«?»??????,????????2030???????????????????,??????,?-???????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????
(??????????)??
1. ???
2018???????????????????????,????????????«??????????????????????????:???????????????????????????????????????»,?????????,?????????????????????,??,????(electro-mobility,???????????????????)?
???????????????????(CEF),?????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????,??????????,????
2. ?????????????????????
2017??????????,????????????,???????,????????,????????????????,????????????????[23]
2018??,?«??????»,???????????????????????????????????,????????[24]????????????????????????,???:???;??????,???????;????????????,??????????????;??????;???????(??);??????
????????,?????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??,??????????????????
(?????????)?????
1. ????????
2022???????????????,?«???»,???2025????????????????????320?????(GW)??????2030???????????????????600???[25]??????,???????????????
?????????????,?????????????:????????????????,????????????????????????;???????????????;??????,???;???????????????
2. ??????????????????
????????????????????,???????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:?????,?????????;?????????????????,???????;??;??????????;????????????
2024????????,??????????«?????»,??????????????????????????,????(????)?????????????????????????????????????????,??????????,????
????,???????,????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,????
??????????????????????????:??? - ??????????
(??????????????????)????????????????:????????????????????????????????????????????
??2006?,????????????????????????????????????????«????????????????????»«????????????????»«??????????????????????»??????????,???????????????,?????????????????????????,????
???,????????????????????????????????????,????????,??????2020???????2??????2026?????12???31??????,????????7230?,????????????????????????3380?????,3850???????????????????????????,??????????37%?????????????????2024?4??????????????????,???????879???,????????????????????????????????25.7%?[26]
??(CEF)???«??»???,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????2021-2027???,????59.4??????[27]
???????????,?????????????????????:??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,????????????????????????[28]????????????????????????????????????????2023?????,??????????????2021-2022????????????????2273.5???????????????
(???)?:?????????
???????????????????,????????????????????????????????,?????????!
????????????,??????????????????????,??????????,???????????????????????,??????,???[29]
?8??????????????????????20?,???,?????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????,?????,?,??????????,???[30]
???,???2035??,???????????????????????????,????????????????????(??)?????????,???,??????[31]
2024??????????8?????????????9??,???????????(WT/DS626?????),[32]?????????????????????????????????????????????????«????»????6?????????«?????»?1???????????2??????????????????10??????????17????19???????????????22?????????????????????32?????????????????????,????????????????????????,?????
(??)??:??????????????????????
???,????????????????????,?????«?????????????????????»«??????????????»«???????»?????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????,?????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????
?????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,?????,?????????????????????????????,????????,?????????????????????????????????
??1957??????«??????»????????,?????«??????????»???????,???????????????,?????????????????????????
???????,2018?????????2024???????????8????????,?????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????362????(??320???????),???????68??????(?????21%),?61??????(?????????17%)?[33]????????????????,?,??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????|??? ???????? ???????????
??????????????
[1]??????????????????????:
[2]??????????????«??????????????????????»???????????????298??????????????????51??????52????????????????????
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]???????????????:??????????????????????,2024???4?????????????
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]??????????????????????????????:
[30]?????:
[31]
[32]???????????????????????????????????(WT/DS626??????????????????):
[33] ?????????????????????????:??????
????