???“??????”????????????

????:????????????:??????????

?????? ??????????????????????????????

2024??8??????????????????20??????,?(AS689)???????,[1]???????17%-36.3%?????????????????(?9%)??2023????????9??????????13?????“?”???????????????,?????????????,??2023????10??????????????4????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????,??????????????“???????????????”???,????????

???????,??????,????????????????????????????,????????????????????????“??????????????????”(?????????)????,????????????????????«??????»?,?????????????????“???????”?????????????2019?«????»????????,??????????,???“?????”???????2020????,???????????????«????????????»,???????????,????“???”????,???????????????,??????,?????

???????????????????????????????“???”??,???????

????????????????

(???????????)??????,????

1. ??????????

?????,??????????????1951???????,???(??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)???????????????????«?????»,???????????“???????????????????????????”(ECSC),??????????????,??,????????????????????????????

1957????????????,???????«???»??????????????????????????«???????»???“?????”(Euratom),??????????????(??????????????????),?????,??????????????????????,?????“????”(EEC),??????????,??????????????????,?????????????????92??????????94?????(state aid),??????????????????[2]

2. ??

1965??????,?????????????«??????????????????»,??????????????,???????????,?????????????,????????????????????????«????????»??????????????????????

1974???????????,?????????????«??????????????1985??»,????????????1985?????????50%,????????,???[3]

????????????????????????,???????????????,?????????,?????????????????????,???????????,??????????

(??)?????????????

1980?????,?????????«?1990?????????»,???????,??????????????[4]???????????1974?????

1986????,???«???????????????????»,[5]????,?????,????

????????????,????,????????????,???????

???????

1992????,?«???????????????»(?????????????????«???»),???????????“?”(EU),????????????????“????????????”(EEC)???????????????“????????????????????”(EC),????????«????»?«???????????»??????

?«??????????????????»?????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,«?»???????????????130?????????????????,?????

???,???,?????“???”??????????

(?)????????????

1995?,??«?????????????»???????????????,??????????????????????,??[6]

1997?,?????????????«????????????????:??????????????????????????»?,[7]??????????????,?,??????

2000???????????????????????????,??«????????????»??????,???,???????[8]

???????????,????????,???????????????????

(???????)????????????????????

????????????????,?????????2006?«??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????»????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????,??????????????????,??????[9]

2007?,??«???????????»,????????«????????????????»??????????«??????????????????????????????»,??????«?»?????????????«?????»???,«??»????????????88????????????????????4??????,?,????«?»?????????????????“?????”??????????????,????????????????[10]

2010???,?«??2020???»,???,??[11]

2011?,???????????????????????????????«2050???»,?????????????2020???,?,??(?????????)???????????????????????????,????[12]

??,????????,?????????

??????????????????????????????????“?????”?????????

??«???»?????????????107???????????????????,??????????????????????????,??????(???????),???????

?“?????”????????:?????????????,??,??????,???????;?????????????????,??

??????????2023??????????????????7????????WTO?,[13]??????????????,???“???????”???????“?”??????,???????,????2021-2022?????????????????2273.5???

???????,???“??????????????”???????????????????????,??????????????????????????,????

(????????)??????????????“????????”????????????????

1. ???“?????????????”???????

2014?,??«2030?»,?????????2030???????????????????????,???????????,?????,?????????2030?27%,????????????????????????????????????????????????[14]

2015?????????????????,????????????«?????????»,???“?????????”,?????????????????????????????,???????????“?”?????,????,??[15]

2018??????????????????,?????????«?????????»,????????????????2030?????32%,????[16]

??????,??????«????????????????????????????????????????????»,????????2050??????????????“??????????????”????,???????????????????“????????????????”????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????,??????[17]

2. ???????????????????????«?????»??????«?????»??“?????”?????????????

2019????????????????????????,???????????????«?????»,?????????????????,???,??2030?????????????????1990?????????55%????2050????“???????”????

??,?“?????”??,???????????????????????,??????????“????????????????”?????????????????????,«????????????????»??:??;?????????????????????????;???????????,??????????????,?????????????,??????????????????,??????[18]

2020??3???,???????????????????????????«???????????????»,?:?????;???????????“????????????????????”;?????2021????????????????????5????????????????????????[19]???????,???????????????,?????????????,????????????????,????,??????“???????”(IPCEI)?????,?????????

2022?,??????????????,??????????????,??????“REPowerEU”?,??????????????????????????????????????????,???????????,?????????????????2030????45%,?????[20]

3. ????????????????????

2023????????????????????,??«????????????????????»,?????????????«??»,????????????,?????????????????“?”??[21]

2024?????,????«??»??«????????????????»??????«??????????»?????????????

«???????????????????»????[22]???????????????????“??”???????????????;??????????2030???????????,??????40%;?“??????”(NZSPs),???????????????,????????????;?«?????????????»????,???????

«?»??????,????????2030???????????????????,??????,?-???????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????“??????????????”???????

(??????????)??

1. ???

2018???????????????????????,????????????«??????????????????????????:???????????????????????????????????????»,?????????,?????????????????????,??,???“?”(electro-mobility,???????????????????)?

????????????????“???”(CEF),?????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????,??????????,????

2. ?????????????????????

2017??????????,???“?????????”,???????,????????,????????????????,????????????????[23]

2018??,?«??????»,???????????????????????????????????,????????[24]????????????????????????,???:???;??????,???????;????????????,??????????????;??????;???????(??);??????

????????,?????????????,???????????“??????”?????????????????????????????????“?”?????????,??,??????????????????

(?????????)?????

1. ????????

2022???????????????,?«???»,???2025????????????????????320?????(GW)??????2030???????????????????600???[25]??????,???????????????

?????????????,?????????????:??????????“??????”,????????????????????????;???????????????;??????,???;???????????????

2. ??????????????????

????????????????????,???????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:?????,?????????;?????????????????,???????;??;??????????;????????????

2024????????,??????????«?????»,??????????????????????????,????(????)????????????????????“????????”?????????????,??????????,????

????,???????,?????“??????????”???????????????????????“?”?,?????????????????????,????

??????????????????????????:??? - ??????????

(??????????????????)????????????????:???????????????“????????????????????”?????????

??2006?,???“??????????”???????????????????????????«????????????????????»«????????????????»«??????????????????????»??????????,???????????????,?“???”?????????????????????,????

???,“??????????”??????????????????????“???”?,????????,??????2020???????2??????2026?????12???31??????,????????7230?,????????????????????????3380?????,3850???????????????????????????,??????????37%?????????????????2024?4??????????????????,???????879???,?????“????”???????????????????????25.7%?[26]

“??”(CEF)???«??»???,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????2021-2027???,????59.4??????[27]

“?”??????????,?????????????????????:“?”“???”???????????????“?????????????????????”?“????????????????????????”?????????????????,“??????”?“??????????????????”????,“??????”??????????????????[28]“?”???????????????????????????????????????2023?????,??????????????2021-2022????????????????2273.5???????????????

(???)?:?????????

??????“???????????”??,??????“???????????????”???????????,?????????!

????????????,??????????????????????,??????????,???????????????????????,??????,???[29]

?8??????????????????????20?,???,?????????,?????????????“???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????”??????????????????????,?????????????????,??“????????????????????????????”????????????????????“??????????”????????????,?????????????????,?????,?,?????“?????”,???[30]

???,???2035??,???????????????????????????,????????????????????(??)?????????,???,??????[31]

2024??????????8?????????????9??,???????????(WT/DS626?????),[32]?????????????????????????????????????????????????«????»????6?????????«?????»?1???????????2??????????????????10??????????17????19???????????????22?????????????????????32?????????????????????,????????????????????????,?????

(??)??:?????????“?”????????????

???,????????????????????,?????«?????????????????????»«??????????????»«???????»?????????,???????????????????“??????????????????????”???????,??????,?????????????????“??????????????”??????????????,???????????

?????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,?????,?????????????????????????????,????????,????????????????????????“??????”???

??1957??????«??????»????“???”?,?????«??????????»???????,???????????????,??????????“?”??????????????

???????,2018?????????2024???????????8????????,????????“???????”??,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????362????(??320???????),???????68??????(?????21%),?61??????(?????????17%)?[33]????????????????,?,????????????“???????????????”???????????????????????

???????????|??? ???????? ???????????

??????????????

[1]??????????????????????:

[2]??????????????«??????????????????????»???????????????298??????????????????51??????52????????????????????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]???????????????:??????????????????????,2024???4?????????????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]??????????????????????????????:

[30]?????:

[31]

[32]???????????????????????????????????(WT/DS626??????????????????):

[33] ?????????????????????????:??????