????:1????????????:????????

2????????????

3?2021????

4????????????

5?????

?????????????????

??????????? ?

?????????????????????????????

????“????????”

????????????????,????

???????,????????

(?????????)????????

(????????????)???

(??)?????????????????????

?????????????,????????

??????????????????,???????????

??????“???????????”,??????????????

????????????????????????????

(?)?????????????

(????????????)??????????

??????????

??

?(National Endowment for Democracy,???????????NED)??“??????????????”,?,???“?”??????,?,?????,?,?,???,????,????????,???

??,NED??,???????????????,????????????????????????????????,??,??????????????NED,???????,????NED?????,?????????NED?????????,????????,???

?????“?????????????????”

NED?“?”??,????“??????”,???“???????????????????????????”?

(??)NED????????“?”????????????????,??????????,??“??????”?20??????60???????,???,??????????????????,NED??????????????????????,???

(???)NED????????????????????????????????????????????1981????,?,?????????????“????”,?????????????,?“??”?1983????????????????????NED???????????,?:????????????,???????

(????)NED?????1983???????11????????????????22???,??«?????????????????»,?????NED????,?????????????1983?????NED????????,?????1800?????????40??????????????,???“????(USASpending)”??????,2023?????????3.15????????,NED???

(??)NED????????????NED?????,NED?,??????????????«??????»??,????????????NED????????????????,?????

(??)NED????????????????,??????????????«???????????»,NED?????12???????31????????????????NED????,????????????

(??)??????NED????????«???????????»,NED??????????????????????

(??)NED??????????????????????????1995?:“????,???,???????????,NED?”??????????????«??????????:???»???????????,????NED?????????,?????

?????????????,?

(??????????)????????????????2022??????9????????,???“?????”?????????????,???????,???????????????????2015??????????????????????????2022??NED????????62.8???????«?»?????,NED??“??”?????“??”???????,NED????????????“?????????????”(Center for Human Rights in Iran, CHRI)??“????”(Human Rights Activists News Agency, HRANA)??????,????,??????????????NED??????????«?»?,??????????????????NED??“?????????”,????????????“???????”?

(???????????????)???????????“?????????”??????,NED????????,??????????????,??NED????“??????????”??????????,?????“??????”?“?????????????”?“?”,???????????????“?????????”,?????????“?”?

(??)????????????2004????“????????????????”???,NED???????6500?????????????2007???2015????,NED?????????????????3000?????,??“?????????”?2013?????????????2014?“????”????,NED????????,?????????????NED???,???X(??)????????,???????????,?????

(????????)??????2002????????????7????,NED?????????????????????,NED???????????????,????????,?,????2021???7???,???????????,NED??,????????????(????)?????????????????,???????

???????????????,??????????

(?????????????)??????

1??2021????,NED????????,??“??????????”,????“?”?????????

2?2021?5?????????????????????,NED?????,?????NED?????????,??????,????????????????????????????

3?NED?,?????????????“?”,??“????”;????“????”,???

4?NED????,??(Mexicans Against Corruption and Impunity, MCCI)??(Mexican Institute for Competitiveness, IMCO)????,??????????????2021??????,????NED??,?????????“????????”?

5?2017???????????????????????,NED??54??????????????2018??,????????“??????????????”?????????“?”,??????????????????4.8???????

6?NED?????????????????,???????“?????????????”,?????????

(????????)?????????

1?NED??????????????????«?????????????»(Journal of Democracy)?????????????????,????????????????????????????????

2?2023???????????7????????,«??????????????????»??????“??????????”???????????????,????????????5???????,?,????????????????????????2024?4?,«???????????»???«???»???,??????,????????????????????,???????????????????

3?NED????(???“?????”)???????????“??”,???????????????????????????NED??????,2021????NED????????11?,???????????????180??????“????????”,???,??

(??????)???????

1?2022??4?2023?????????????12??????,???????NED??,????2023????????????????5??????,???2?,NED?,???????????????????

2?NED?????????????(Rappler)??????NED???????????????????,2017?2021??????????,???NED??????????78.6?????????2022????,????,??????????

3?NED????????“??????”(Foundation for Democracy in Iran,FDI)??????,FDI??????????????????

4?2023??????????1??,NED???????????????????????,?????“???????????????????????”????

?????????????,?

NED??????????????????,NED?????????????????,??

(???????)??????????“??????????????????”?????????????????2022??????,NED????????????????“????????”??,?,?????????????????????“??????????”,???????????“?”,??“?,???????”????????2023?7???,NED?????????“????20??????????”,??“????????”?

(?????????)??NED??????????,????,2020?????,?31??????????????????,?????2023???????????????????,NED????????“????????”“?”???????????????????2023??

(?????????????????????????????)NED????“??????”,????500?????600???2024??????3?,NED?,????“?”????,??

NED??????????“??????”???????????,????????,???????NED????????“?”?????????,?“?????????”???

(????)2023????3??,NED?????????NED????,???????“????????????”?????????????,?“?”??????????2023????11???????NED?“?????????”????“???????????”?2024??4?,NED????“????????”“??????”????NED????

(????)21?????,NED??????????????3????,?????2024???5??“????”??,NED????,?????????????

???????,?????

(?????????????????)NED?????????????????«??????»?????????,?????2023??11?????30????????????,NED?????“?????????”??????,??????????????????????“??”???????????????????

(?)NED????CNN????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????

(?)NED?(International Republican Institute, IRI)?“??????”?,??????????

(????????????????)NED?????????1741???????“???????????”?92??????????????????????????????????????,???????“?????????????”?????????“?”????????????????????????,??????“??”?,?????“???????”????????????????

(????????????????)NED?????????????“????????????”?VOA????BBC?????????????????????????????,??NED???????“????”??,??

????????????????????????????“????”,??????????

(??)NED??????(Governance Center for Public Policy, GCPP),?6??“????”??,???????????????,???“?”?????????????????????????,????????????????

(???)2024?3???????,NED“?”??????(Center for International Private Enterprise, CIPE)??????????????(Makati Business Club)??????«???»,?,????

(???)NED?????????(European Values Center for Security Policy, EVC)?????(Global Security Center,GSC)??????????????,??????????,??????????????????“???”??????????

(??????????????????)?,NED?????????“?????????????????????”?????????????,?????

(???????)2022?1???????????????2023?1??????????????????,NED?????????????????????????????????????????????daktilo84.com?,?,??????????????

(??)NED??2023????12???,NED???“Sbunker”??????,“????”??????“????”,???????

(?)NED??“??????”?,????“????????V”,??,?,?????????

(?????????)NED???????,?????“?????????”????“??”??

?????????????

(???????????????)???????????????

1?????????????????????,NED??,???????????????????NED???????,???????“?”?

2?????????80???NED????,????,?????,??

3?2006?1??????29????,«?»?????«?»??????????????,???

4?2021??9?,???«???????????»??????????????NED??????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????,NED??????,??????????????????????NED??????,??????

(??????)?????

1?2015??7?????29?????,???????????????????,?NED????????“??????”,??????,???NED????????????

2??2022?????5??,????????????????«??????»??,NED????????????,?????????????????“?”?????,?????

3????????????????2008???«??60????»??????,?NED????,??????NED????????,??????????,???????????

4??????????“?????????????”2010???????????????????????????????«NED??»,??NED?????????????,?????

5???????????«?????»2018?NED????????????????????“????????”(Hungary Helsinki Committee)???????????“???????”???????????,?,?????

6?2023????4?,NED????????????,????????????«?????????»?????????????????,??????NED?????????

7??????????(The Institute of World Economy and International Relations, IMEMO)?????????«???????????40????:???»????????,?NED,???????“?????????????????”?,?,??NED???

8?2023????6??????????,???????????????????,?????????

9?2016??,???????????«?????????»“?????????”??????,?NED???

?????????????????????

??????????????????,?????????NED,??????????,???????????,????,??????,?,????????????

??,???????,??????????????????????,???“?”???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???,??

??????

1.?????????????????????«??????????:????????»,????????????2006?????????

2.?????????????????????«??????»,????,2023????????????????12?????

3.????«??NED???????????????????????????»,2021?????5??????????????????17???

4.?????????????«NED??????»,????,2018??????????????????????????7?6??

5.?????? ?????????:?????