?? ?????????????????????
![](https://image.chezhanri.com/2020/0324/c7665200ef4e420f717b66b25bf0c789.jpg)
????:1?????????????:?????????
2????????98?
3?????????
4?????
5?????????????
???????? ????????????
2024???????????8????20??????????????????,???????(AS689)?,[1]??????????17%-36.3%????????(?????9%)??2023??????9???????????????13????????????????????????????????,????,???????2023?????????????10??4?????????????,?????????????????????,??????????????????????,??????
?????????????,???,??????????????,????????????????????????????????????(??????????????????????????????)?????,????????????????????????????????????«??????»?????,?????????????????????????????????????????2019??«?????»?????????????,????,????????????????????????????????????????2020??????????,????????????????????????«??»,????????????????????????????????,????????,???????,?,?????????
????????????????????????????????????,??
???????????????????????????????????
(???????????????????????????????)???,???
1. ????????????
?????????????,???????????????1951???????,?????(????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)??????«????????»,???????????????????????(ECSC),???????????????,????????????????,?????????????
1957???,?????????????«?????????»???????????«?»?????????(Euratom),????(??????????????????????????),??,?????,????????????????(EEC),????,??????????????????,????????????92?????????94???????(state aid),??????????????[2]
2. ???????????
1965??????,????«????????????????????»,????,?????????????,???????????,??????«??????»??????????????????????
1974????????????,?????????????????«??????????1985?????????????»,?1985?????????????????50%,?,???????????????????[3]
????,?,????????????,???,?,?????????????????????
(??????????????)????????????
1980??????,????????????????«???1990???????????»,???????????????????,???[4]???????????????1974???????
1986??,???????«???»,[5]?,???,???
???,????,?????,???????????????????????????
????????????
1992?????????????,????????????????????«?????????????????????»(???«??????»),????????????????????????(EU),?????????????????????????????????????????(EEC)???????????(EC),??????«????????????????????????»???«??????????????????????????????»???????????
???«??????????????????»??????????????????????,????????????????????????,«???????????????»??????????????130????????????,????
???,???????,?????????????????????????????????????
(???????)????????
1995???????,???????????«???????»??????????????,?????????,?????????????????????????[6]
1997?,????????«??:???????»?????,[7]???,????????,??????????????????????
2000??,????????????????«??????????????????????????????»???,???,???????????????????????[8]
?,??????????????,?????????????
(???????)???
?,??????2006?????«???????»?????,?????????????????????????????????,??????????,?????,??????[9]
2007???????????????????,??????«???»,?«???»??????«???»,??«?????????????????»?????????«?»?????????,«???????????????»??88??????????4?????,?????,?????????«????????????»??????????????????????????????,????????????????????[10]
2010???????,??«??????????2020???????»,??????,?????????????????????????[11]
2011?,?????????????????????«2050??????????»,?2020?,?????????????????????,??????(???????????????????)???????????????????,???????????????????????[12]
????????,???,???
?????????????????????
?????????????????«?????????»????????????????107?,??????????????????????????????,???(????),???????
?????????????????????????????????:???,?????????????,???,????????????????;?????,????????????????
????2023???7?WTO????????????????????????????,[13]??????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????,??????,???2021-2022?2273.5???????????????????
???,?????????????????????????????????????????,???,????
(??????????)??????????????????????????????????????
1. ??????????????
2014????????,???«2030??????????»,???????2030??????,?????,???????,?????????2030?27%,????????????????????????[14]
2015?????????,???????????????????«????????????????»,?????????,???????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,????????????,????????[15]
2018??????????????,???«?????»,?????????2030?????????????????32%,??????????????[16]
??????????????,??????«??????????????»,?????????????????2050????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????,???,???????????[17]
2. ???????????????????«??????????????????????????????»??????«?????????????????????»??????????????
2019???,????????«?????????»,????????????????????????????,????????????????????????,????????????????????????2030???????1990???55%??2050???????????
?????????????????????,???????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,«???????»??:??;?????????????;??????????,?????,???????????????????,?????????????????????,??????????????[18]
2020???????????????3??????,???«??????????»,???????????????:?????????????;???????????????????????????????????;????2021???????5???????????????[19]???,?????????????????????,???????????,????????,????????????,??????????????(IPCEI)?????,???????????
2022??,????????????????????????,???????????????????,???????????REPowerEU?????,????????????????????,???????????????????????,??????????2030?????45%,??????????[20]
3. ?????????????
2023?????????,??«??????»,??????«?????»,???????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????[21]
2024??,??«?????????????»?????????????????«????????»????????????????«???????»?????????
«?????????»??????????????[22]???????????????????????;????????????????????????2030???,????????40%;????????????????????(NZSPs),????????,?????????????????;?????????«?»??????,?????????
«?????»??????????????,?2030???????????,??????,???????????????-???????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
(?)?????????????
1. ???
2018??,??????????????????????????«????:????????????????????????????????????????»,??????????,??,?????,??(electro-mobility,?????????????????????????)?
??????(CEF),?????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????,?,??
2. ?
2017???,??????????????????????????????????????????????,??????,???,???,?????????????????[23]
2018??,????«?????????»,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????[24]??,???????????:????????????????????;???????????,?????????????;?,?????????????????????;???????;??????????????????????????(???????????);?????
???,?????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?,?????????????????????????
(??????????????????)????????????????
1. ????????
2022??????????????????????????????,?????«??????????????»,????2025????320??????(GW)????????????????????2030?????600??????[25]?????????????????,???
???,?:?????????,??????????????;??????;????,?;????????????
2. ????????????????????????????
???,????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:???????????????,?????;??????????????????????,????????;?;???;???????????
2024?,?????????????????????????????«??»,????????????????????????????????????????,??????(???????????)??????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????,????????????????????
?????,???????????,???????????????????????????????????????????,?????,??????????????????
?????????????????????????????????:??????????? - ?????
(??????????????)?????????:????????????
??????????????2006?,???????????????????????????«??????????»«????????»«???»?????????,??????,??????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????
?,????????????????????????????????????????????,????,??????2020???????2??????2026????12??????????31??,?7230????,???????????3380???,3850??????,???????37%????????????????????????????????????2024??4??,????879?????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????25.7%?[26]
???????(CEF)?????????«???»????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????2021-2027?,????59.4????????????[27]
????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????:????????????????????????,????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????[28]?????????2023??,?????2021-2022????????????2273.5??
(??)?????????????????????????????????????:???????????????
?????????????????????,???????????????????????????????,????????????!
?????,???????????,?????????????,????????????????????????????,?????,??????[29]
???8?????20????????????????????,??,?????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??,????????????????????????,??,????????????????????????,???[30]
???????,??????2035????????????????????????,??????????,??????????????????(???)??????????????????????????????????????,?,??????????????????[31]
2024??????8??????9??????,???(WT/DS626?????),[32]???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«???????????»???????????????6????????????«?»?????????????????1??????2?????????????????????????????10???????????17??????????????????????19?????????????????????????22?????????32???????,?,???????????
(???????????????????)???????:????????????????????????
??????????????????,???,??«?????????????????»«??????????????»«????»?????????????????,????????????????????????????,?,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????
????????????????????????,?,??????????????,?????????,?,???????????????????????????
????????????????????1957????????????????«?????????»???????????????????,????????????????«??»??????????????????????????,???????????????????????,????????????????
??????,2018??????????2024?????????????8???????,???????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????362?????????????(??????320???),?68????(???????????21%),????????????61????????????????????(???17%)?[33]????????,????????????????????,????????????????
??????????|??? ???? ??
????????????????????????????????
[1]??????:
[2]??????????«?????????????????»????298?????51????52????????????????????????????
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]??????:??????????????????,2024??????4??????
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]?????:
[30]??????????????????????:
[31]
[32]?(WT/DS626????????????):
[33] ?????????:????????????????????????