???????? ????????????

2024???????????8????20??????????????????,???????(AS689)?,[1]??????????17%-36.3%????????(?????9%)??2023??????9???????????????13???“??????????????????????????”???,????,???????2023?????????????10??4?????????????,?????????????????????,??????“???????”?????????,??????

?????????????,???,??????????????,??????????????????????????????“??????”(??????????????????????????????)?????,????????????????????????????????????«??????»?????,????????“???????????????????????”??????????2019??«?????»?????????????,????,??????????????????“????????????”??????????2020??????????,????????????????????????«??»,????????????????????????????????,????“???”?,???????,?,?????????

???????????????“??”???????????????????,??

???????????????????????????????????

(???????????????????????????????)???,???

1. ????????????

?????????????,???????????????1951???????,?????(????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)??????«????????»,??????????????????“?????”(ECSC),???????????????,????????????????,?????????????

1957???,?????????????«?????????»???????????«?»???????“??”(Euratom),????(??????????????????????????),??,?????,?????????????“???”(EEC),????,??????????????????,????????????92?????????94???????(state aid),??????????????[2]

2. ???????????

1965??????,????«????????????????????»,????,?????????????,???????????,??????«??????»??????????????????????

1974????????????,?????????????????«??????????1985?????????????»,?1985?????????????????50%,?,???????????????????[3]

????,?,????????????,???,?,?????????????????????

(??????????????)????????????

1980??????,????????????????«???1990???????????»,???????????????????,???[4]???????????????1974???????

1986??,???????«???»,[5]?,???,???

???,????,?????,???????????????????????????

????????????

1992?????????????,????????????????????«?????????????????????»(???«??????»),????????????????????“????”(EU),????????????????????“?????????????????????”(EEC)??????????“?”(EC),??????«????????????????????????»???«??????????????????????????????»???????????

???«??????????????????»??????????????????????,????????????????????????,«???????????????»??????????????130????????????,????

???,???????,?“?????????????????????”???????????????

(???????)????????

1995???????,???????????«???????»??????????????,?????????,?????????????????????????[6]

1997?,????????«??:???????»?????,[7]???,????????,??????????????????????

2000??,????????????????«??????????????????????????????»???,???,???????????????????????[8]

?,??????????????,?????????????

(???????)???

?,??????2006?????«???????»?????,?????????????????????????????????,??????????,?????,??????[9]

2007???????????????????,??????«???»,?«???»??????«???»,??«?????????????????»?????????«?»?????????,«???????????????»??88??????????4?????,?????,?????????«????????????»?????????????“??”???????????????,????????????????????[10]

2010???????,??«??????????2020???????»,??????,?????????????????????????[11]

2011?,?????????????????????«2050??????????»,?2020?,?????????????????????,??????(???????????????????)???????????????????,???????????????????????[12]

????????,???,???

????“??”???????????????

?????????????????«?????????»????????????????107?,??????????????????????????????,???(????),???????

???????????“???????????”???????????:???,?????????????,???,????????????????;?????,????????????????

????2023???7?WTO????????????????????????????,[13]??????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????“??”??“??”??????????????,??????,???2021-2022?2273.5???????????????????

???,????????????????????????“???????????”??????,???,????

(??????????)????????????????????“??????”????????????

1. ????????????“?”?

2014????????,???«2030??????????»,???????2030??????,?????,???????,?????????2030?27%,????????????????????????[14]

2015?????????,???????????????????«????????????????»,???“??????”,???????????????????????????????????????????,?????“????”????????????????????,????????????,????????[15]

2018??????????????,???«?????»,?????????2030?????????????????32%,??????????????[16]

??????????????,??????«??????????????»,?????????????????2050????????????????????“????????”????????????,???????“??????????????????”?????,???????????????????????????,???,???????????[17]

2. ???????????????????«??????????????????????????????»??????«?????????????????????»???“?”??????????

2019???,????????«?????????»,????????????????????????????,????????????????????????,????????????????????????2030???????1990???55%??2050??????“???”??

?????????????????????,???????????????“???????”?????????,????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????“???????”??????????????????????????,«???????»??:??;?????????????;??????????,?????,???????????????????,?????????????????????,??????????????[18]

2020???????????????3??????,???«??????????»,???????????????:?????????????;????????????????????“???????????????”;????2021???????5???????????????[19]???,?????????????????????,???????????,????????,????????????,??????“????????”(IPCEI)?????,???????????

2022??,????????????????????????,???????????????????,???????????“REPowerEU”?????,????????????????????,???????????????????????,??????????2030?????45%,??????????[20]

3. ?????????????

2023?????????,??«??????»,??????«?????»,???????????????????????????,???????????????“????????????????”?????????????[21]

2024??,??«?????????????»?????????????????«????????»????????????????«???????»?????????

«?????????»??????????????[22]??????“??”???????????????;????????????????????????2030???,????????40%;???????????????“?????”(NZSPs),????????,?????????????????;?????????«?»??????,?????????

«?????»??????????????,?2030???????????,??????,???????????????-???????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????“???????????????????????????”??????????????????????????

(?)?????????????

1. ???

2018??,??????????????????????????«????:????????????????????????????????????????»,??????????,??,?????,?“?”(electro-mobility,?????????????????????????)?

?“?????”(CEF),?????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????,?,??

2. ?

2017???,???????????????????????????“???????????????????”,??????,???,???,?????????????????[23]

2018??,????«?????????»,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????[24]??,???????????:????????????????????;???????????,?????????????;?,?????????????????????;???????;??????????????????????????(???????????);?????

???,?????,?????????????????????????“???????????”??????????????????“??????”????????,?,?????????????????????????

(??????????????????)????????????????

1. ????????

2022??????????????????????????????,?????«??????????????»,????2025????320??????(GW)????????????????????2030?????600??????[25]?????????????????,???

???,?:?????“????”,??????????????;??????;????,?;????????????

2. ????????????????????????????

???,????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:???????????????,?????;??????????????????????,????????;?;???;???????????

2024?,?????????????????????????????«??»,????????????????????????????????????????,??????(???????????)????????????????“??????????????”????????????????????,?????,????????????????????

?????,???????????,?????????“???????”?????“????????”??????????????,?????,??????????????????

?????????????????????????????????:??????????? - ?????

(??????????????)?????????:?????“??”?????

??????????????2006?,??“??”???????????????????????«??????????»«????????»«???»?????????,??????,????????“???????”???????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????

?,“?”????????????????“????????????????”???????????,????,??????2020???????2??????2026????12??????????31??,?7230????,???????????3380???,3850??????,???????37%????????????????????????????????????2024??4??,????879?????????,???????????“?????????????????????????????”????????????25.7%?[26]

“???????”(CEF)?????????«???»????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????2021-2027?,????59.4????????????[27]

“??????????????????????????”??,????????????????????????????????:“?”“???????????”?????“??”?“???”?,“??”??????“?????????????????”???,“??”???????????????????????[28]“?????”????2023??,?????2021-2022????????????2273.5??

(??)?????????????????????????????????????:???????????????

??????????????“?????”??,???????????????????“?????”???????,????????????!

?????,???????????,?????????????,????????????????????????????,?????,??????[29]

???8?????20????????????????????,??,?????????????,??????????????????“???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????”?????,?,???“?????”???????????????????“???????????????”??????????????????,??,????????????????????????,??,???????????????????????“?”,???[30]

???????,??????2035????????????????????????,??????????,??????????????????(???)??????????????????????????????????????,?,??????????????????[31]

2024??????8??????9??????,???(WT/DS626?????),[32]???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«???????????»???????????????6????????????«?»?????????????????1??????2?????????????????????????????10???????????17??????????????????????19?????????????????????????22?????????32???????,?,???????????

(???????????????????)???????:???????????????“???”??????

??????????????????,???,??«?????????????????»«??????????????»«????»?????????????????,?????????“???????”????????????,?,?“???????????????”???????????????????????????????????,????????????????

????????????????????????,?,??????????????,?????????,?,???????????????“??????????”??

????????????????????1957????????????????«?????????»??????????????“?”????,????????????????«??»??????????????????????????,???????????????????????,??????????“?”?????

??????,2018??????????2024?????????????8???????,????????“?”??????????????????,????????????????????????????????362?????????????(??????320???),?68????(???????????21%),????????????61????????????????????(???17%)?[33]????????,????????????????????,?????????“???”????

??????????|??? ???? ??

????????????????????????????????

[1]??????:

[2]??????????«?????????????????»????298?????51????52????????????????????????????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]??????:??????????????????,2024??????4??????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]?????:

[30]??????????????????????:

[31]

[32]?(WT/DS626????????????):

[33] ?????????:???????????????????????? “????????????”????

?? ??????“???”????????????

??????“???”????????????
??
2024-08-23 16:02:25

????:1?????????????:?????????

2????????98?

3?????????

4?????

5?????????????

???????? ????????????

2024???????????8????20??????????????????,???????(AS689)?,[1]??????????17%-36.3%????????(?????9%)??2023??????9???????????????13???“??????????????????????????”???,????,???????2023?????????????10??4?????????????,?????????????????????,??????“???????”?????????,??????

?????????????,???,??????????????,??????????????????????????????“??????”(??????????????????????????????)?????,????????????????????????????????????«??????»?????,????????“???????????????????????”??????????2019??«?????»?????????????,????,??????????????????“????????????”??????????2020??????????,????????????????????????«??»,????????????????????????????????,????“???”?,???????,?,?????????

???????????????“??”???????????????????,??

???????????????????????????????????

(???????????????????????????????)???,???

1. ????????????

?????????????,???????????????1951???????,?????(????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)??????«????????»,??????????????????“?????”(ECSC),???????????????,????????????????,?????????????

1957???,?????????????«?????????»???????????«?»???????“??”(Euratom),????(??????????????????????????),??,?????,?????????????“???”(EEC),????,??????????????????,????????????92?????????94???????(state aid),??????????????[2]

2. ???????????

1965??????,????«????????????????????»,????,?????????????,???????????,??????«??????»??????????????????????

1974????????????,?????????????????«??????????1985?????????????»,?1985?????????????????50%,?,???????????????????[3]

????,?,????????????,???,?,?????????????????????

(??????????????)????????????

1980??????,????????????????«???1990???????????»,???????????????????,???[4]???????????????1974???????

1986??,???????«???»,[5]?,???,???

???,????,?????,???????????????????????????

????????????

1992?????????????,????????????????????«?????????????????????»(???«??????»),????????????????????“????”(EU),????????????????????“?????????????????????”(EEC)??????????“?”(EC),??????«????????????????????????»???«??????????????????????????????»???????????

???«??????????????????»??????????????????????,????????????????????????,«???????????????»??????????????130????????????,????

???,???????,?“?????????????????????”???????????????

(???????)????????

1995???????,???????????«???????»??????????????,?????????,?????????????????????????[6]

1997?,????????«??:???????»?????,[7]???,????????,??????????????????????

2000??,????????????????«??????????????????????????????»???,???,???????????????????????[8]

?,??????????????,?????????????

(???????)???

?,??????2006?????«???????»?????,?????????????????????????????????,??????????,?????,??????[9]

2007???????????????????,??????«???»,?«???»??????«???»,??«?????????????????»?????????«?»?????????,«???????????????»??88??????????4?????,?????,?????????«????????????»?????????????“??”???????????????,????????????????????[10]

2010???????,??«??????????2020???????»,??????,?????????????????????????[11]

2011?,?????????????????????«2050??????????»,?2020?,?????????????????????,??????(???????????????????)???????????????????,???????????????????????[12]

????????,???,???

????“??”???????????????

?????????????????«?????????»????????????????107?,??????????????????????????????,???(????),???????

???????????“???????????”???????????:???,?????????????,???,????????????????;?????,????????????????

????2023???7?WTO????????????????????????????,[13]??????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????“??”??“??”??????????????,??????,???2021-2022?2273.5???????????????????

???,????????????????????????“???????????”??????,???,????

(??????????)????????????????????“??????”????????????

1. ????????????“?”?

2014????????,???«2030??????????»,???????2030??????,?????,???????,?????????2030?27%,????????????????????????[14]

2015?????????,???????????????????«????????????????»,???“??????”,???????????????????????????????????????????,?????“????”????????????????????,????????????,????????[15]

2018??????????????,???«?????»,?????????2030?????????????????32%,??????????????[16]

??????????????,??????«??????????????»,?????????????????2050????????????????????“????????”????????????,???????“??????????????????”?????,???????????????????????????,???,???????????[17]

2. ???????????????????«??????????????????????????????»??????«?????????????????????»???“?”??????????

2019???,????????«?????????»,????????????????????????????,????????????????????????,????????????????????????2030???????1990???55%??2050??????“???”??

?????????????????????,???????????????“???????”?????????,????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????“???????”??????????????????????????,«???????»??:??;?????????????;??????????,?????,???????????????????,?????????????????????,??????????????[18]

2020???????????????3??????,???«??????????»,???????????????:?????????????;????????????????????“???????????????”;????2021???????5???????????????[19]???,?????????????????????,???????????,????????,????????????,??????“????????”(IPCEI)?????,???????????

2022??,????????????????????????,???????????????????,???????????“REPowerEU”?????,????????????????????,???????????????????????,??????????2030?????45%,??????????[20]

3. ?????????????

2023?????????,??«??????»,??????«?????»,???????????????????????????,???????????????“????????????????”?????????????[21]

2024??,??«?????????????»?????????????????«????????»????????????????«???????»?????????

«?????????»??????????????[22]??????“??”???????????????;????????????????????????2030???,????????40%;???????????????“?????”(NZSPs),????????,?????????????????;?????????«?»??????,?????????

«?????»??????????????,?2030???????????,??????,???????????????-???????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????“???????????????????????????”??????????????????????????

(?)?????????????

1. ???

2018??,??????????????????????????«????:????????????????????????????????????????»,??????????,??,?????,?“?”(electro-mobility,?????????????????????????)?

?“?????”(CEF),?????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????,?,??

2. ?

2017???,???????????????????????????“???????????????????”,??????,???,???,?????????????????[23]

2018??,????«?????????»,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????[24]??,???????????:????????????????????;???????????,?????????????;?,?????????????????????;???????;??????????????????????????(???????????);?????

???,?????,?????????????????????????“???????????”??????????????????“??????”????????,?,?????????????????????????

(??????????????????)????????????????

1. ????????

2022??????????????????????????????,?????«??????????????»,????2025????320??????(GW)????????????????????2030?????600??????[25]?????????????????,???

???,?:?????“????”,??????????????;??????;????,?;????????????

2. ????????????????????????????

???,????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:???????????????,?????;??????????????????????,????????;?;???;???????????

2024?,?????????????????????????????«??»,????????????????????????????????????????,??????(???????????)????????????????“??????????????”????????????????????,?????,????????????????????

?????,???????????,?????????“???????”?????“????????”??????????????,?????,??????????????????

?????????????????????????????????:??????????? - ?????

(??????????????)?????????:?????“??”?????

??????????????2006?,??“??”???????????????????????«??????????»«????????»«???»?????????,??????,????????“???????”???????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????

?,“?”????????????????“????????????????”???????????,????,??????2020???????2??????2026????12??????????31??,?7230????,???????????3380???,3850??????,???????37%????????????????????????????????????2024??4??,????879?????????,???????????“?????????????????????????????”????????????25.7%?[26]

“???????”(CEF)?????????«???»????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????2021-2027?,????59.4????????????[27]

“??????????????????????????”??,????????????????????????????????:“?”“???????????”?????“??”?“???”?,“??”??????“?????????????????”???,“??”???????????????????????[28]“?????”????2023??,?????2021-2022????????????2273.5??

(??)?????????????????????????????????????:???????????????

??????????????“?????”??,???????????????????“?????”???????,????????????!

?????,???????????,?????????????,????????????????????????????,?????,??????[29]

???8?????20????????????????????,??,?????????????,??????????????????“???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????”?????,?,???“?????”???????????????????“???????????????”??????????????????,??,????????????????????????,??,???????????????????????“?”,???[30]

???????,??????2035????????????????????????,??????????,??????????????????(???)??????????????????????????????????????,?,??????????????????[31]

2024??????8??????9??????,???(WT/DS626?????),[32]???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«???????????»???????????????6????????????«?»?????????????????1??????2?????????????????????????????10???????????17??????????????????????19?????????????????????????22?????????32???????,?,???????????

(???????????????????)???????:???????????????“???”??????

??????????????????,???,??«?????????????????»«??????????????»«????»?????????????????,?????????“???????”????????????,?,?“???????????????”???????????????????????????????????,????????????????

????????????????????????,?,??????????????,?????????,?,???????????????“??????????”??

????????????????????1957????????????????«?????????»??????????????“?”????,????????????????«??»??????????????????????????,???????????????????????,??????????“?”?????

??????,2018??????????2024?????????????8???????,????????“?”??????????????????,????????????????????????????????362?????????????(??????320???),?68????(???????????21%),????????????61????????????????????(???17%)?[33]????????,????????????????????,?????????“???”????

??????????|??? ???? ??

????????????????????????????????

[1]??????:

[2]??????????«?????????????????»????298?????51????52????????????????????????????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]??????:??????????????????,2024??????4??????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

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