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2024????????????8???????20??????????,???????????????????????(AS689)??,[1]?????17%-36.3%???(???9%)?????????2023???????9?????13???????????????????????????,???????????,???????????????????2023?10?????????????????????????????4?????????????????????,??????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????
??,?????,?????????????,??????????????????????????????????(?????????????????)????????,???????????????????????????????????«???»??????,?????????????????????????????????????????2019??????«???????????????»??????????????,????????????,???????????????????????????????2020??????????,????????????«???»,???,???????????????????????????????????????????????,???,???,??????????????
?????????????????????????????????,???????
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(???????)????,?????????????????????????
1. ????????????????????
??????????????????,????????1951?,???(????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)????????????????«???»,????????????????(ECSC),???????????,??,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
1957?,??????????«???????»???????«??????????????»???????????(Euratom),????????????????????????(?????????????????????????????????????),?????????????????,??????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????(EEC),??????,??????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????92?????????????????94???(state aid),???????????????????????[2]
2. ????????
1965?????????????,???«????????»,?????,???????????,?????????????,??????«?»???
1974?????,??«??????1985???»,?????????????????????1985??????50%,????????,???[3]
??????????????????????,???,???????????????,??????????,?????????????????????????????????????,???
(?)???
1980??,??«?1990????»,???????,??[4]?????1974????????
1986?????????,???«???????????????????????????????»,[5]??,??,??????
??,??????????????????????????,????????,????????????????
??????????????
1992???,???????????«?????????»(???«????????????»),??????????(EU),?????????????????(EEC)??????????(EC),?????????????????????????????«???????????????????»??????«?????????????»???????????
?????????????«??????????????»??????????????????????,????????????????????????,«??????????????»?????130???????????,???????????????????
???????????????,???,?????????????????????????
(??????????????????)??
1995?????,????????«????????»??????,?????????????????????????????,????[6]
1997???????,?«???:?????????????»???,[7]????????,????,?????????????
2000????????,??«??????»????????????????,???,??????[8]
???????,?????????????????,??
(???????????????)????????????????????
?????????????????????,?2006?????«?????????????????????????»???????????,???????????????,??????????????????????????,????????????????????????,???????????[9]
2007???,??????????????????«?????????????????»,???????????????«????»?????????«????????????????»,??????«???»???«???????????????????»??,«?????»???????88??4????,????????????????,?????«?????»????????????????????????,??????????????????[10]
2010?????????????????,????????«???2020??????????»,??????????????????????,????[11]
2011???,?????«2050???????????»,???????????????2020????????????,???,???(???)???????????????????????????????????,???????[12]
????????????,??????,??
??????????????????????????????????????????
???????????«???»???107???????????,???????????????????????????,??(????),?????????????
????????????????:?,?????,?,????????;??????????,?????????
??????????????????????????????2023??????????????????7????WTO??,[13]??????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????,????????2021-2022??????????2273.5????
?????????????????,????????????????????,????????????????????,?????
(??????)????????????????????????????????
1. ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
2014???????????,???????«2030?»,???????????????????????2030????????????????,????????,???????,?????????2030???27%,?????????[14]
2015????????????????,?«??»,????????,?????????????????????,?????????,?,????[15]
2018????????????????????????,?????????????????????«???»,??????2030??????32%,???????????[16]
??,??????????????«????????????????????????????????????????»,?????2050????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????,???????????,????[17]
2. ?????????«????????????»??«????????»???????????????????????
2019??????,???«??????»,???????,?,??????????????????2030???????????????1990??55%?????2050????????????
??,?????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????,«????»??????:???????????????;??????????????;????????????????????????,?????,???????,??????,?????????????????????[18]
2020????????????????3????,???????????«?»,????????????????????????:??????????????????;??????????????????;????????2021???????????????????5????????[19]????????,?????,???????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????,?????????,???????????????????????????????(IPCEI)?????,????
2022??,?????????,?????????????????????,?????????????????REPowerEU??,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????2030?????45%,????????????????????????????[20]
3. ?????
2023???????????????,?????????«????»,???????«????????????????????????»,??,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????[21]
2024????????????????????????,?????????«???????»??«??????????????????????????????»?????«????????????????????»????
«???????????????????»????[22]?????????????????????????????????????????????;???????????2030??????????????,????????????????????40%;?????????????(NZSPs),???????????????????,?;??????«??????????»?????????,???????????????????
«???????»???????,??????????2030?????????,??????????????????,??????-????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????
(???????)??????
1. ??
2018???,???????«??????????????????????????????:????????????????????»,?????????????????????????????????????,??????,????????,?????????????????(electro-mobility,???????????????????????????????????)?
???????????(CEF),????,?????????????????????????,?,??,????????
2. ???????????
2017??????????,????????????????????????????????????,??????????????,????????,?????????????,??????????????????????[23]
2018??????,???«????????????????????????»,???????????????????????????????????????????????,??????[24]????????,??????????:????;?????,???;?????????,????????????????;???????;??????(????????????);?????????????????????
??,??,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????,????????????????
(??????????????)????????
1. ??????????????????????
2022????????,?«????????????»,?2025????????????????????320????(GW)??????2030??600??????????[25]??,?????????
????????????????????????,?????:??,??????????????????????;?????????????????????;?,????????????????;???????????
2. ???????????
?????????,??????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:?,??????;???????,????????????;?????????????;??????;??
2024???????????????????,???????«??»,??????????????,??????(????)????????????????????????????????????,?,??
??,???????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????,????????
??????:?????????? - ?????
(??????????????????????????)???:???????????????????????????????
??????????2006????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«???»«???»«?????»?????????????????????,???????????????????????????????,??????????????????????,?????????????????????????
????????,????????????????????????????????????,????????????,??2020??2?????????????2026????????12????31???????????????,???7230???????????????????????,?3380???????????????,3850??????????????????????????????,?????37%?????????????????????2024????????4?????????????????????,?879????????,???????????????????????????????25.7%?[26]
?????????????(CEF)??«???»???????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????2021-2027????,????????????59.4???[27]
???????????,????:?????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????,?????????????[28]???????????????????????????????2023?????????????????????,?2021-2022???2273.5????
(?)?:?????????????????????
??????????????????,?????????????????????????,?????!
????,???,????????????,??????????????,????,??[29]
???8??????20??????,?????????,????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????,????????????????,?,?????????????????????????,???????[30]
??????????????????????,???2035??,???????????????????????????,?????????????????????(?????)?????????????????????????????????,???????????,???????????????[31]
2024????????????????????8??????9????,?????(WT/DS626???????),[32]?????????????????????????????????«???»???????6?????????????????«????»?1?????2????????????????10??17???????????????19???????????????????????????????22?????????32??????????????,???????,?????????
(??)????????????????:???????????????????????????????
?????????????????????,?????????????,??????«?»«??????????»«?????????????????»???????????????,?????????????????????????,??,???????????????????????????????????,?????????????
????????,??,???????,?,???????,?????????????????
?????????????????????????1957???????????????«?????????????»???????????????,????????????«?????»??????????????????????????????????,???????????,?????????
???????????,2018???????????2024?????8??????????????,??????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????362?????(???320????),???68??????????????????(?????21%),???????????????61?????????(????17%)?[33]???????,?????,??????
??????????????|?????????? ? ??????????
???????????
[1]?:
[2]??«?»??????????298??????????????????????????????51???52?????
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]??????????????:??,2024??????????????4??
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]????:
[30]??????????:
[31]
[32]?(WT/DS626??):
[33] ??:????????