????? ?

2024????????????8???????20??????????,???????????????????????(AS689)??,[1]?????17%-36.3%???(???9%)?????????2023???????9?????13???“??????????”??????????????,???????????,???????????????????2023?10?????????????????????????????4?????????????????????,??????????????????,??????????????????????“?”?????????????????????????????,????

??,?????,?????????????,???????????????????????“???????????”(?????????????????)????????,???????????????????????????????????«???»??????,???????????????????????“?????”?????????????2019??????«???????????????»??????????????,????????????,????“????”???????????????????????2020??????????,????????????«???»,???,??????“???????????????????”??????????????????????,???,???,??????????????

?“?????????????????”???????????????,???????

??????????????????????

(???????)????,?????????????????????????

1. ????????????????????

??????????????????,????????1951?,???(????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)????????????????«???»,??????“??????????”(ECSC),???????????,??,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

1957?,??????????«???????»???????«??????????????»??“?????????”(Euratom),????????????????????????(?????????????????????????????????????),?????????????????,??????,??????????????????????????????????????????“????????????”(EEC),??????,??????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????92?????????????????94???(state aid),???????????????????????[2]

2. ????????

1965?????????????,???«????????»,?????,???????????,?????????????,??????«?»???

1974?????,??«??????1985???»,?????????????????????1985??????50%,????????,???[3]

??????????????????????,???,???????????????,??????????,?????????????????????????????????????,???

(?)???

1980??,??«?1990????»,???????,??[4]?????1974????????

1986?????????,???«???????????????????????????????»,[5]??,??,??????

??,??????????????????????????,????????,????????????????

??????????????

1992???,???????????«?????????»(???«????????????»),???“???????”(EU),????????????????“?”(EEC)?????“?????”(EC),?????????????????????????????«???????????????????»??????«?????????????»???????????

?????????????«??????????????»??????????????????????,????????????????????????,«??????????????»?????130???????????,???????????????????

???????????????,???,?“????????????????”????????

(??????????????????)??

1995?????,????????«????????»??????,?????????????????????????????,????[6]

1997???????,?«???:?????????????»???,[7]????????,????,?????????????

2000????????,??«??????»????????????????,???,??????[8]

???????,?????????????????,??

(???????????????)????????????????????

?????????????????????,?2006?????«?????????????????????????»???????????,???????????????,??????????????????????????,????????????????????????,???????????[9]

2007???,??????????????????«?????????????????»,???????????????«????»?????????«????????????????»,??????«???»???«???????????????????»??,«?????»???????88??4????,????????????????,?????«?????»????????“???????”?????????,??????????????????[10]

2010?????????????????,????????«???2020??????????»,??????????????????????,????[11]

2011???,?????«2050???????????»,???????????????2020????????????,???,???(???)???????????????????????????????????,???????[12]

????????????,??????,??

?????????????????“????????????????????”?????

???????????«???»???107???????????,???????????????????????????,??(????),?????????????

?“?????????????”??:?,?????,?,????????;??????????,?????????

??????????????????????????????2023??????????????????7????WTO??,[13]??????????????????????????????,??????“????????”??????????????“???????????????”??????????????????????????,???????????????,????????2021-2022??????????2273.5????

?????????????????,?????????“??”?????????,????????????????????,?????

(??????)?????????????“???”????????????????

1. ?????????????“????????????????????”???????????????????????

2014???????????,???????«2030?»,???????????????????????2030????????????????,????????,???????,?????????2030???27%,?????????[14]

2015????????????????,?«??»,?????“???”,?????????????????????,?“?????”???,?,????[15]

2018????????????????????????,?????????????????????«???»,??????2030??????32%,???????????[16]

??,??????????????«????????????????????????????????????????»,?????2050?????????????????“??????”?????,?????????????????“????????????????????????”??????????????,????????????????????,???????????,????[17]

2. ?????????«????????????»??«????????»???“??????????????”??????

2019??????,???«??????»,???????,?,??????????????????2030???????????????1990??55%?????2050???“???”??????

??,??????????“????????????????????????????????”???,??????????????????????????????????,???“???????”??????????????,«????»??????:???????????????;??????????????;????????????????????????,?????,???????,??????,?????????????????????[18]

2020????????????????3????,???????????«?»,????????????????????????:??????????????????;??????“????????????”;????????2021???????????????????5????????[19]????????,?????,???????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????,?????????,?????????????????“??????????????”(IPCEI)?????,????

2022??,?????????,?????????????????????,?????????????????“REPowerEU”??,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????2030?????45%,????????????????????????????[20]

3. ?????

2023???????????????,?????????«????»,???????«????????????????????????»,??,????????????????????????“???????????????????????????”??????[21]

2024????????????????????????,?????????«???????»??«??????????????????????????????»?????«????????????????????»????

«???????????????????»????[22]?????????????????“??????????????????”??????????;???????????2030??????????????,????????????????????40%;???“??????????”(NZSPs),???????????????????,?;??????«??????????»?????????,???????????????????

«???????»???????,??????????2030?????????,??????????????????,??????-????????????????????????????????????????????,??????“?????????????????????”??

(???????)??????

1. ??

2018???,???????«??????????????????????????????:????????????????????»,?????????????????????????????????????,??????,????????,??“???????????????”(electro-mobility,???????????????????????????????????)?

?“??????????”(CEF),????,?????????????????????????,?,??,????????

2. ???????????

2017??????????,??????????“??????????????????????????”,??????????????,????????,?????????????,??????????????????????[23]

2018??????,???«????????????????????????»,???????????????????????????????????????????????,??????[24]????????,??????????:????;?????,???;?????????,????????????????;???????;??????(????????????);?????????????????????

??,??,?????????????????????????“??????”???????????????????????“???”??????????,???????,????????????????

(??????????????)????????

1. ??????????????????????

2022????????,?«????????????»,?2025????????????????????320????(GW)??????2030??600??????????[25]??,?????????

????????????????????????,?????:?“?”,??????????????????????;?????????????????????;?,????????????????;???????????

2. ???????????

?????????,??????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:?,??????;???????,????????????;?????????????;??????;??

2024???????????????????,???????«??»,??????????????,??????(????)?????????????“??????????”?????????????,?,??

??,???????????????,?????????????????????“??????????????”???????“????????????????????”??????????????,????????????,????????

??????:?????????? - ?????

(??????????????????????????)???:?????“????????”??????????????????

??????????2006????,???????“????????????????????”????????????????????????????????????«???»«???»«?????»?????????????????????,???????????????????????????????,???????“??????????????”?,?????????????????????????

????????,“??”?????????????????“??????”???????????,????????????,??2020??2?????????????2026????????12????31???????????????,???7230???????????????????????,?3380???????????????,3850??????????????????????????????,?????37%?????????????????????2024????????4?????????????????????,?879????????,?????????“??????????????”????????25.7%?[26]

“?????????????”(CEF)??«???»???????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????2021-2027????,????????????59.4???[27]

“?????”??????,????:“?????????????????????”“??”??????????“?”?“????”??????,“??????????????????”??“????????????”??????,“???????????”??[28]“????”???????????????????????????2023?????????????????????,?2021-2022???2273.5????

(?)?:?????????????????????

??“?????????????”???,???????“????????????????”??,?????!

????,???,????????????,??????????????,????,??[29]

???8??????20??????,?????????,????????,????“???????????????????????????????????????????????????”??,??????,?????“??????”???????????“???”????????????????????????????????????,???????,????????????????,?,????????????????????????“?”,???????[30]

??????????????????????,???2035??,???????????????????????????,?????????????????????(?????)?????????????????????????????????,???????????,???????????????[31]

2024????????????????????8??????9????,?????(WT/DS626???????),[32]?????????????????????????????????«???»???????6?????????????????«????»?1?????2????????????????10??17???????????????19???????????????????????????????22?????????32??????????????,???????,?????????

(??)????????????????:???“???????”?????????????????????

?????????????????????,?????????????,??????«?»«??????????»«?????????????????»???????????????,????“?”????????????????????,??,?“???????”???????????????????????????,?????????????

????????,??,???????,?,???????,???“??”????????????

?????????????????????????1957???????????????«?????????????»?????“????”??????,????????????«?????»??????????????????????????????????,???????????,?“??????”??

???????????,2018???????????2024?????8??????????????,????“??????”????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????362?????(???320????),???68??????????????????(?????21%),???????????????61?????????(????17%)?[33]???????,?????,?“???”??

??????????????|?????????? ? ??????????

???????????

[1]?:

[2]??«?»??????????298??????????????????????????????51???52?????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]??????????????:??,2024??????????????4??

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]????:

[30]??????????:

[31]

[32]?(WT/DS626??):

[33] ??:???????? ??“?????????????”????

?? ??????“????????????”???

??????“????????????”???
??
2024-08-23 15:56:44

????:1??????????????:?????????

2??????v

3?????????

4???????

5?????wx

????? ?

2024????????????8???????20??????????,???????????????????????(AS689)??,[1]?????17%-36.3%???(???9%)?????????2023???????9?????13???“??????????”??????????????,???????????,???????????????????2023?10?????????????????????????????4?????????????????????,??????????????????,??????????????????????“?”?????????????????????????????,????

??,?????,?????????????,???????????????????????“???????????”(?????????????????)????????,???????????????????????????????????«???»??????,???????????????????????“?????”?????????????2019??????«???????????????»??????????????,????????????,????“????”???????????????????????2020??????????,????????????«???»,???,??????“???????????????????”??????????????????????,???,???,??????????????

?“?????????????????”???????????????,???????

??????????????????????

(???????)????,?????????????????????????

1. ????????????????????

??????????????????,????????1951?,???(????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)????????????????«???»,??????“??????????”(ECSC),???????????,??,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

1957?,??????????«???????»???????«??????????????»??“?????????”(Euratom),????????????????????????(?????????????????????????????????????),?????????????????,??????,??????????????????????????????????????????“????????????”(EEC),??????,??????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????92?????????????????94???(state aid),???????????????????????[2]

2. ????????

1965?????????????,???«????????»,?????,???????????,?????????????,??????«?»???

1974?????,??«??????1985???»,?????????????????????1985??????50%,????????,???[3]

??????????????????????,???,???????????????,??????????,?????????????????????????????????????,???

(?)???

1980??,??«?1990????»,???????,??[4]?????1974????????

1986?????????,???«???????????????????????????????»,[5]??,??,??????

??,??????????????????????????,????????,????????????????

??????????????

1992???,???????????«?????????»(???«????????????»),???“???????”(EU),????????????????“?”(EEC)?????“?????”(EC),?????????????????????????????«???????????????????»??????«?????????????»???????????

?????????????«??????????????»??????????????????????,????????????????????????,«??????????????»?????130???????????,???????????????????

???????????????,???,?“????????????????”????????

(??????????????????)??

1995?????,????????«????????»??????,?????????????????????????????,????[6]

1997???????,?«???:?????????????»???,[7]????????,????,?????????????

2000????????,??«??????»????????????????,???,??????[8]

???????,?????????????????,??

(???????????????)????????????????????

?????????????????????,?2006?????«?????????????????????????»???????????,???????????????,??????????????????????????,????????????????????????,???????????[9]

2007???,??????????????????«?????????????????»,???????????????«????»?????????«????????????????»,??????«???»???«???????????????????»??,«?????»???????88??4????,????????????????,?????«?????»????????“???????”?????????,??????????????????[10]

2010?????????????????,????????«???2020??????????»,??????????????????????,????[11]

2011???,?????«2050???????????»,???????????????2020????????????,???,???(???)???????????????????????????????????,???????[12]

????????????,??????,??

?????????????????“????????????????????”?????

???????????«???»???107???????????,???????????????????????????,??(????),?????????????

?“?????????????”??:?,?????,?,????????;??????????,?????????

??????????????????????????????2023??????????????????7????WTO??,[13]??????????????????????????????,??????“????????”??????????????“???????????????”??????????????????????????,???????????????,????????2021-2022??????????2273.5????

?????????????????,?????????“??”?????????,????????????????????,?????

(??????)?????????????“???”????????????????

1. ?????????????“????????????????????”???????????????????????

2014???????????,???????«2030?»,???????????????????????2030????????????????,????????,???????,?????????2030???27%,?????????[14]

2015????????????????,?«??»,?????“???”,?????????????????????,?“?????”???,?,????[15]

2018????????????????????????,?????????????????????«???»,??????2030??????32%,???????????[16]

??,??????????????«????????????????????????????????????????»,?????2050?????????????????“??????”?????,?????????????????“????????????????????????”??????????????,????????????????????,???????????,????[17]

2. ?????????«????????????»??«????????»???“??????????????”??????

2019??????,???«??????»,???????,?,??????????????????2030???????????????1990??55%?????2050???“???”??????

??,??????????“????????????????????????????????”???,??????????????????????????????????,???“???????”??????????????,«????»??????:???????????????;??????????????;????????????????????????,?????,???????,??????,?????????????????????[18]

2020????????????????3????,???????????«?»,????????????????????????:??????????????????;??????“????????????”;????????2021???????????????????5????????[19]????????,?????,???????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????,?????????,?????????????????“??????????????”(IPCEI)?????,????

2022??,?????????,?????????????????????,?????????????????“REPowerEU”??,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????2030?????45%,????????????????????????????[20]

3. ?????

2023???????????????,?????????«????»,???????«????????????????????????»,??,????????????????????????“???????????????????????????”??????[21]

2024????????????????????????,?????????«???????»??«??????????????????????????????»?????«????????????????????»????

«???????????????????»????[22]?????????????????“??????????????????”??????????;???????????2030??????????????,????????????????????40%;???“??????????”(NZSPs),???????????????????,?;??????«??????????»?????????,???????????????????

«???????»???????,??????????2030?????????,??????????????????,??????-????????????????????????????????????????????,??????“?????????????????????”??

(???????)??????

1. ??

2018???,???????«??????????????????????????????:????????????????????»,?????????????????????????????????????,??????,????????,??“???????????????”(electro-mobility,???????????????????????????????????)?

?“??????????”(CEF),????,?????????????????????????,?,??,????????

2. ???????????

2017??????????,??????????“??????????????????????????”,??????????????,????????,?????????????,??????????????????????[23]

2018??????,???«????????????????????????»,???????????????????????????????????????????????,??????[24]????????,??????????:????;?????,???;?????????,????????????????;???????;??????(????????????);?????????????????????

??,??,?????????????????????????“??????”???????????????????????“???”??????????,???????,????????????????

(??????????????)????????

1. ??????????????????????

2022????????,?«????????????»,?2025????????????????????320????(GW)??????2030??600??????????[25]??,?????????

????????????????????????,?????:?“?”,??????????????????????;?????????????????????;?,????????????????;???????????

2. ???????????

?????????,??????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:?,??????;???????,????????????;?????????????;??????;??

2024???????????????????,???????«??»,??????????????,??????(????)?????????????“??????????”?????????????,?,??

??,???????????????,?????????????????????“??????????????”???????“????????????????????”??????????????,????????????,????????

??????:?????????? - ?????

(??????????????????????????)???:?????“????????”??????????????????

??????????2006????,???????“????????????????????”????????????????????????????????????«???»«???»«?????»?????????????????????,???????????????????????????????,???????“??????????????”?,?????????????????????????

????????,“??”?????????????????“??????”???????????,????????????,??2020??2?????????????2026????????12????31???????????????,???7230???????????????????????,?3380???????????????,3850??????????????????????????????,?????37%?????????????????????2024????????4?????????????????????,?879????????,?????????“??????????????”????????25.7%?[26]

“?????????????”(CEF)??«???»???????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????2021-2027????,????????????59.4???[27]

“?????”??????,????:“?????????????????????”“??”??????????“?”?“????”??????,“??????????????????”??“????????????”??????,“???????????”??[28]“????”???????????????????????????2023?????????????????????,?2021-2022???2273.5????

(?)?:?????????????????????

??“?????????????”???,???????“????????????????”??,?????!

????,???,????????????,??????????????,????,??[29]

???8??????20??????,?????????,????????,????“???????????????????????????????????????????????????”??,??????,?????“??????”???????????“???”????????????????????????????????????,???????,????????????????,?,????????????????????????“?”,???????[30]

??????????????????????,???2035??,???????????????????????????,?????????????????????(?????)?????????????????????????????????,???????????,???????????????[31]

2024????????????????????8??????9????,?????(WT/DS626???????),[32]?????????????????????????????????«???»???????6?????????????????«????»?1?????2????????????????10??17???????????????19???????????????????????????????22?????????32??????????????,???????,?????????

(??)????????????????:???“???????”?????????????????????

?????????????????????,?????????????,??????«?»«??????????»«?????????????????»???????????????,????“?”????????????????????,??,?“???????”???????????????????????????,?????????????

????????,??,???????,?,???????,???“??”????????????

?????????????????????????1957???????????????«?????????????»?????“????”??????,????????????«?????»??????????????????????????????????,???????????,?“??????”??

???????????,2018???????????2024?????8??????????????,????“??????”????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????362?????(???320????),???68??????????????????(?????21%),???????????????61?????????(????17%)?[33]???????,?????,?“???”??

??????????????|?????????? ? ??????????

???????????

[1]?:

[2]??«?»??????????298??????????????????????????????51???52?????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]??????????????:??,2024??????????????4??

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]????:

[30]??????????:

[31]

[32]?(WT/DS626??):

[33] ??:????????

????6%

???:??

相关推荐