????:1????????????:????????

2????????????

3???????????

4??????????

5???????

?75??????????????75????????,???????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????,?,??????????,????????????,??????

?,??????????????????,??????????????????,2023??223????????????GDP???????????89???????????43.6??????????????????????????……??75?,“??”???????????????75???????,???“????”????????????????,??????????????????,???????????????

??????? ??

?7.9%

???

???,??????????????,????????????????????,??????????????,??1952????679??????????,???????????1978?????????3679????;??,???????????,1986??????????1?????????,2000?????????10????????????????,2006????????20????????,??????????????????12???10??,2020????????????100????????????????,2023????????????????126??????,????????????,2023??????????1952????????????223?,??7.9%;?,19792023??????????????????????8.9%,????3.0%?????

?????????????GDP?8.9???????????????

???

1952????,?????????????GDP????119???????????????,??????????,????GDP?????2019??????????,?????????????????????GDP??????????70078???,?10158??????,?????1????;2023??????????89358????????????,???????1952??????????89?????,??????????????6.5%,???????12681?,?????????3?????????1.2?????,2023????????(GNI)????????1.34???????????,?????????????????????????

????

???????

???????????,??,????1952?????????,???????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%????????,??????????????????????,??????????????

??????????,?????,????????,?,???2023???,???????????????????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%????,??????????9?????1.3?????????,???????????,?????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????,????,?????????“??+”??????????

“?”???22.4?????

??????????

????????,????,????????,?,??????????????

20132023????????????,??????????????8.7%?10.3%,???,?????????????????????????5G????????,“??????????”?????????????,???????????????

????2023?,??????????????421????????????;??????????????,?????

??????????????,??????????????????????????,“??????????????”?????????????2023??????????????????????????????,????“??”?22.4??,??????????????GDP????17.73%?

????????????

?

1949??????????????2.2?,??8.1??????????,???????75??,?,????????,???????????????????,????????????

2023????????????,????15.9??????????,????1949???6?????,??????4.5??,??2/3??????????????????;?544?????????,????????66?????????,????18.4?,??;???????????????????12.8????????????,?74.1%;??????????876????????????????,2023??1.7?,????2016????????????10?,???????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????3.92?????

?

1949??49.7?????????????1978??,??????171?????????,??????????151????,?????????????????????????????????????????,?,?????????,?????????????,????2023????,??39218??,????1949???76??,??????????????????????????6.0%;??26796?????,??????1956???36??????????????????,?5.5%?

?????,??????????????????,??2023????,???????29.8%,???????1978????34.1???????????;???????????45.2%,???????????2013???????????5.5?????????????,????,???2023?????????,?????49.7???,???145.9?????????????????,??2013????2.9????????2.1???

??????

????

???,??????????????????????????????????????????????,???

?,?????????????,????????????,?????????????????????,??,???????,??

2023????????,??10.66?????,??????????1989??????10.09???????;????????????2.44?????????3.02??????????,??????????????1994???????1.64???2.84?????????,???,?,?????????????

9899??????????????????????????????

??????????

???,?????????????????20?5070????,??,????????????,?????????“????”??????,?????????????????????????????????,?????

???,????,?????8??????????????????,?????????2020???9899??????????,832?,12.8??,???????????????????????,????????????,?10????«??2030?»??????,?,?????

????60%

??????????

?,?????????????,????,??

2023???????????????,???????????????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;????1.6??4542?,???????1949???????6.4????????????????103??,??????????(OECD)?????

??,?,??2023????????????,????????60%,???????;???????1982?????8??11.05??????,????????

????

????????????

1950?????????????,??????????11.3???????,????????1978???????????????????206??????????????,????,2001????,???????????,????

???,??????????,??????,??????1978????????1%??????????2023???????????12.4%,??7?????????????????????????“??????????????????????????”??????,??????????150???30?????????230???????“?”?,??25??????200?,?????????“?????????”?

???????????

????

??????????,?????????,??????????????????,?????????,??????1999?,?????????????????????????????2012????????????,???,?4.9,?????????????1952??8.1?

???,???????????????????????????????????,???20132023?????,?????????6.9%?7.1%,??????????????2023???????????????????,???????46.7%?24.4%,?2012??2.9?????????0.9??

?46.3???????

????????????

??,?,????????1956???????????“??”????????,?????????,?????,????,??????????????

???,??,??,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?“???”,????????????,?????????????11?,????????????????,????????????2023???,??????????,????????46.3????

??66%

?????

??????????,????1949??10.64%,1978?17.92%???,?????????????????????????????,????????????????????2023???????????????????,????????????????9.3???????????????????????,???1978?????????7.6??;?????66.16%,??48.24???????????????

?,?,?????,???2023??????????????,??????48.3%,?2015?8.4????????????????,???,?????????,???????????2012?????????2.88:1?2023????????2.39:1?2023?????????,??12.4:1,?2013???????1.4?2023?????????????460??,???99%?,???????????????14.4?????

?????3246??????????????6833?????????????

??

1949??????,?????????????????????????,?????????????,??,???????2023??,??????3246???6833???????,?????????1949??????????????59??????325????????????;???????????????????????119??????????(????????????)?

?,??????????,?,???,???2022??????????,????????????4.46%,??2013?0.77????????????;???2012??????????888???????2023???????????????????1622???

??78.6???????

????????????

?,??????????????,????75??????????,????????,??????,?????????????2023???????????,??107????????????????????,????????1017??,??????????????????1249???

???????????,??????,?????,????????????????2023???,???????13.34????????????????,??????????????2018??????????????????????????????95%???2023???????????????????,??????????78.6?????????,?????????1949?????43.6?,????

?24.02%

????????

20????50?,??,??????????????????????????,????????????,??????????“?????”??2022???????????,???????9014??????????,??????????20???????80??25?????30??;?????????????18%,????

??????????????,“???????????”???????????????24.02%?2023????????????,????????(PM2.5)?????2016????28.6%,????????????21.6?????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????,????????“???????????????????????????”????????????“????”,?????????(???) ????????:???????