????:1???????:300??????????

2?????????

3???????

4???????

5??????

??75?????????75?????????,???????????????,?????????????????????,???????,??????????,?????????????????????????,??

?,???,??????,2023???????223???????GDP??????89????????????????????????????????????43.6?????????????????……?????????????75??????????????,“?????????”???????75???,????????????“?????????????”??,??????????????????????,????????????????

??????????? ????

?????7.9%

??

??????????,????????????????,????????,???,?????1952?????679????????????,???1978???3679????????????;????,???,1986???1?????????????,2000??????10?,2006??20????,??12??10??????????,2020???100?????,2023?????????126?????,?????,2023????????????1952???????223?????????????,???7.9%;??,19792023??8.9%,?3.0%???

?????????GDP??8.9????

???????????

1952?????????,??GDP???119???????????????,????????????,????????????GDP?????????2019????????????,????????GDP???????70078???,???????????????????????10158???,??????????????????????????1???????????;2023?89358??????????????,?????????????????????1952??????89???????,?????6.5%,????12681?,??3??????????1.2?????????????,2023?(GNI)????1.34?,?????????????

?????????

???

?????????,?????????????,???????????????????1952?,??????????????????????????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%????????????????,???,????

???????,?????????????????????,????,??????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????2023????,???????????????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%???,????????????9??????????1.3??,????????????,????????????,???????????????????????????????,??,???“?+”???????

“????????????????”??????????22.4???????

??

????????,??????,?,?????,?????????????

20132023???????????,????????????????8.7%?10.3%,?????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????5G?,“??????????”????????,??????????????????????

?2023?,?421?????????????;??????????,??????????

?????????????,?????????????????,“???”?????????????2023???,?“?”??????????????22.4??,???????GDP??????????17.73%?

?????????

?????

1949???????????????????2.2????????,??8.1?,?????????????75?,?????,????,??????,?????????????????

2023????????,??????????????????????????????15.9???,???????????1949??6?????????,?4.5?????????????,?2/3??;???????????544????????????????,??66??,???????18.4????,?;????12.8???,?74.1%;??????????876???????????,2023????????1.7?????????,???2016???????????????????10??,??????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????

????????????????????3.92???

????????????????????????

1949?????????49.7?????1978?????????????????,???????????171??,?151?,????????????????????,??????????????,????????????????,????,?????2023????,????39218?????????,????1949?76????,????6.0%;???????26796????????,??1956????36??????????,???5.5%?

???,???????????,????2023?????,????????29.8%,????1978??????????34.1????????;????????????45.2%,????2013?5.5?????????,??,?????????2023??,??????49.7??????????,????????145.9??????????,?2013??????????2.9???2.1???????

?????????????????

???

??????????,????????,??

??????????,???????????????????,?????,??????????,???,???????????,???????????????

2023????????????,??????10.66???????????????????????????,?1989?10.09?????;?????????????????2.44?????????????3.02???,??1994????????????1.64????????????????????2.84????????,???????????????????,????????,??????????

9899?????????????????

????????

?????????,?????????????????????????????????????20???5070???????,??,???????????????????????????,?“??????”?????????,????????????????????????????????????,??????????

??????????????,?,????????????????????????????????????8??????????????????,????????2020???????9899????????????,832???????????,12.8??????????,???,?????????????????,??10??????????«?????????2030??»???,?,?????????????????

???60%

?????????

??,???????,??????????,????????????

2023??,??????????????????????????????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;?????????????1.6??4542?,???????????1949???????????6.4???103??????????,?(OECD)?????????????

??,??????????????????????,??????2023?????????,??????????60%,????????????;?1982???????????8?11.05???????,??????????????

???

??

1950?,??????????11.3??????????????????,???1978???????????206??????,?,2001?????????,?,??????????

??,?????,????,????????????1978??1%??????????????2023???12.4%,???7?????????????????“????????”?,?150???????????????????30???230?????“????”???????,????????????????????25???200???????????,?????????????“?”?

??

???

???????????????????,?????,????????????,??????,????1999?????,??????????????????????????????2012?????????,?,???4.9,?1952????8.1?

???????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,????20132023???,???????6.9%?7.1%,??????????2023?????,??????????46.7%?24.4%,????2012?2.9???????0.9?????????

??????????????46.3????????????

?

??,??????????,?????1956?????????“?”??,??????????????????????,??????????,????????,?????

?????????,????,???????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?“????”,????????????????????,?11?????????????????????,????????,????????2023??????????,????????,?46.3????????????????????

??66%

???????????????

??????,?????1949??10.64%,1978?17.92%???,?????????????????????????,?????????????2023??,???????9.3??????????,????1978?????????7.6?;??????????????66.16%,???????????????????????48.24???

???????????,?????????,????????,????2023??,??????48.3%,????????2015?????????8.4??????,?????????????,??????????????,??????????????????????????2012????????2.88:1???????2023?????????????2.39:1?2023?????????,???12.4:1,??????2013??????1.4?2023???460?,??99%??????????????????????????????,?14.4????

??????????????????????????3246????????????6833?

??????????????

1949??????????????,????????????????,????????,????,?????2023??,??????3246?????????????????????????6833?,???1949?????????????59??325?;?119????????(??????????)?

????????????,??????????,??,??,????????????????????2022??????,??4.46%,???2013?0.77?;?????????????2012????????????????888??2023?????1622???

??78.6?????

???????????

??????????,?,???????????75????,?,????????,??????????????????2023???????????????????????,????????????107????????????????,??1017????,?????1249???????

?,??,????????,???????????????2023??????,????13.34??????????,????2018?????????95%???2023???????????,??78.6??,?????????1949?????????43.6????????????,?????????

??????????24.02%

???????

20?50???????,?????,?????????,???,????????????“??????????”???????????????????2022?????????,????9014?,???20????????????80??25?????????30?????;???????18%,???????????

??????????,“??”??????????????24.02%?2023?????,????????(PM2.5)??????2016?28.6%,????????????????????21.6??????????????????????,???????????????????????,?“???????????”????“?”,?????(?) ??:???