??????“???”????????????

????:????????:?????????

??? ????

2024?8?20?,???????????????(AS689)????????????????,[1]??17%-36.3%??(????????9%)???????????2023????????9?????13??“??????”????????????????,??????????????,???????????????2023???10???4????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????“????????????????”????????????,????

?,?????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,?????“????????????????????????”(?????)???,???????«???»??,?“?”??????????????????????????????????????2019???????????«????????????»?????,?????,??????????????“??????”????????2020??????,??????????????????????????????«?»,????????????????????????,???“????????????”?????????,????????????,??????,???????????????

?????“???”?,?????

??????????????????

(?????)???,???????

1. ????????????????????????

?,????????????1951??,???????????????(?????????????????????????????)?????????«????????????????»,???????“?”(ECSC),?????????,????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

1957??,?«?????»??«?????????????»??????????????????“????”(Euratom),???(??????????????),????????????????????????,????????????????????,???????????????????“??”(EEC),?????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,?????????????92???94????????(state aid),?????????[2]

2. ???????????????

1965??????,????????????????????«???»,???????,?,?????,???«??»????????

1974?????,??????????«??????1985????????????»,???????????????1985?50%,??????,??[3]

??????????????,??????,????????????????????????????????,????????,????,??????

(???????)?????????

1980???,?????«???????????1990??»,????????????,??[4]???1974????

1986??????????????????,???????«??????????????????????????»,[5]??????,??????,?????????

??????????????????,??????????,???????????????????????????,???????

????

1992???????????,????????????«?????????????????????»(??????«?»),??????????????“?????????????????????????????”(EU),???????????????“????????”(EEC)?“????????”(EC),??????«??»???«???»???????????????????????

??????????????«??»??,?????????,«??????????????»????????130???????????????????????????????,???????

??,????????????????,???“??”??????????????????????

(?)????????????

1995??,??????«?????????»???????????????,?????????,?????[6]

1997?,??????«?:???»????????????,[7]?,?????????????,???????????????????????????????????

2000???????????,?????«??????????»???????????,?????,???????[8]

?????????,?????????,???????????????

(???????????????????????)????????????

?????????,???????2006?«???????????????????????????»?????????????,???????????????????????,???????????????,?,?????????????????[9]

2007??????????????????????,????????«????????»,??????«??»?????????????«???????»,?????????????«????»?????????????????????????????«???????»???????,«???????»??????????????88?4??????????????,?????????,????«??????????????????????»????“?”??????,????????[10]

2010????,???????????????????«?2020?????????????????????????»,???,??[11]

2011???????????,?????????????«2050?????????????»,????????????????????2020??????????????????????,??????????????????,?????????????????(???????????????)?????????,??[12]

?????????????,?????????,???????????

?????????“?????????????????????”???????????

???????????????«???????????????????»?????????????107????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????(?),????????????????????

?????????????“???”?:???,???,????????????????,?;???????,????

?????2023???????????7???????WTO?????,[13]?????????????????????????,?????????????????“??”????????“????????”???,?????????????,?????2021-2022????????????????????2273.5?????????????????????

????????????,????“?”???????,??????????????????,??

(????)????????????“?”????

1. ??“???????????????”???????????????

2014??,??«2030?????»,?????2030????????????,?,???????????????????????????,???2030??????????????27%,??????????[14]

2015??????????????,????????????«??»,???????“?????????????”,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????“??????????”??,???????????????,??????????[15]

2018??????,????????????????????«?»,?2030??32%,???????????[16]

??,?????????????????«???????????????????»,????2050??????“??”?????????????????????,???????????????????????????????“????????????????????????????????”?????,?????????????????????????????,????????????,???????[17]

2. ???«?????????»?????????????????«?????????????????????????????»???“?????????????”????

2019??????????????,??«???»,??????????????????,????????,???????2030??????1990??55%????????2050????????????????????“?????”????

??,?“??????????”??????????,?????????????????????????????????????,????????????????“??????????”??????????????????????,«?»????????????????:???;????????????????????????????;????????????????,?????????????????????,????????????????????,??????????,??????[18]

2020?????3????????,??????????????????«??»,???????????:????????;??“???????”;???2021?????5???????????????????????[19]?????????????????????????????????????,????,???????????????????????,????????,?,??????“??”(IPCEI)?????????????????,???????????????

2022??????????,??????????????,?????????????????,?????????????“REPowerEU”?????,????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????,??2030?????????????????45%,???????[20]

3. ??

2023??????,???????????????«??»,???????????«?????????»,???????????????????,??????????“????????”??[21]

2024???????,???????«????»???«?»??«?»????

«??????????»????[22]?“???????”?????????????????????;?????????????2030??????????????????????????????,?????40%;??“???????”(NZSPs),????????,?????????;?«??????????»??????????????,????????

«?????????????»????????????,??????2030??????????????????????????????????????????????,?????,?????-????????????????????????????,????????????“???”????

(???????????????????????????????)???????????

1. ??

2018??????????,?«???:????????»,????????????????????????,?,????????,??????“????????”(electro-mobility,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)?

??“???”(CEF),????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,???,??????,??????

2. ??

2017???????????????????,??????????????????????????“???”,???,?,???????????,?????????[23]

2018????????????????????????,?????????«???????»,??????????????????????????????????,?????????[24]?????,??????????????????????????:??;????????????????????,??????????????????????;??????,?????????;?;??(??????);????????????????

?,?????????????,????????????????????????????????????????“?”???????????????????????????????“???????????”?,????,?????????

(????)?????????????????????????????????

1. ???

2022????,??????????????????????«???????????????????»,????2025???320?(GW)???????????????2030?????????600?????[25]????????,??????

???,?:??????????????????????“?????????????”,?????????????????;???????????????????;??????????????,?????;??

2. ????????????????????????

?????,???????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:?,???????;????????????????????????,?;?????????????;?????????????????;???

2024??,???????????????????????????????????«??»,????????????????,????????(??????????????????????)???????????“??????????????”???????,???,???????

???,??????????????????,?????????????????????“??????”????????????????“??”???????????????,??????????????,??

???????????????????????????????????:??????????????????? - ??????????????????????????????????

(?)????????:??????????????“????????????”??

?????2006??????????????????,????????????????????????“?”????????????????????????????????????«????????????????»«???»«????????????????????»??,??????????????????????????,??“??”?????,???????????????????

????????,“??????????????”?????“?????”?,,????2020????????????2??????2026?????12?????31?????????????????????,??7230???,??????????????????3380?,3850?????????,??????37%?????2024??????????4?????,????879?????????????????????,????????????????“??”??????25.7%?[26]

“???????????????????”(CEF)???«????»?,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2021-2027?????,?????????????59.4?????????????[27]

“????????????????????”???????????????,????:“??????”“??”????????????????“?????????”?“?????????????”??,“????????”????“?????????????????”???????,“???”??????[28]“?????????”???????????????????????????2023?????,??2021-2022???????????2273.5???????????????

(???????????????)???????:??

????????????????????????????????“?????????”?,???“?????????????????”??????,???!

????????????,??????????????????,??????????,????????????????????,??????????,????????????????????[29]

?????8??20????,???????,?,??????“?????????????????????????????????”???????????????,?????????,???“???”????????????“???????????”???????????????,??????????????????????????????,???,??,?????????????“???”,??????????????????????[30]

???????,??2035???????,???????????????,?????????????????????(?)?????????????????????????????,?,???????????[31]

2024?????????????????8???????9??????????,???????????(WT/DS626???),[32]??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«????????»????????????????????6???????«???????????????»??1????2???????????10?????????????17????????????????????????19?????????????????22?32??????,?????,??

(??????)???????????:???????“???????”??????

????,?????????,????????«????????????????????????»«???????»«?????»??????,??????“????”??,??????,??????????“????????????????????????”????????????????????????????,???????

????????????????????,??????????????????????,????,???????????????,???,?????“???”?????

???????????1957???????????«?????????»??????????“????????????????????”??????????????????????,?????????????????«?»???????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????,?????“?”??

???????????????????????,2018??????2024????????????????????????8??,???????“??”??????????,????????????????????????????????????????362??????????????????????(????????????320??????),???????68???????????(??????????21%),??????????????????????61??????????????(?????????????????17%)?[33]?,????,??“???”????????????????????

???????|??????????????? ???? ??????????????

?

[1]???????:

[2]??????????????????«?????????»??298??????????????51?????????????????????52??????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]????????:????????????????????????,2024???4????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]??????????????????????????????:

[30]???????:

[31]

[32]????(WT/DS626???):

[33] ????????????????????????:????