????:2024-08-23 14:56:50 ??:????
????:????????:?????????
??? ????
2024?8?20?,???????????????(AS689)????????????????,[1]??17%-36.3%??(????????9%)???????????2023????????9?????13????????????????????????,??????????????,???????????????2023???10???4????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????,????
?,?????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????(?????)???,???????«???»??,????????????????????????????????????????2019???????????«????????????»?????,?????,????????????????????????????2020??????,??????????????????????????????«?»,????????????????????????,????????????????????????,????????????,??????,???????????????
?????????,?????
??????????????????
(?????)???,???????
1. ????????????????????????
?,????????????1951??,???????????????(?????????????????????????????)?????????«????????????????»,????????(ECSC),?????????,????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
1957??,?«?????»??«?????????????»??????????????????????(Euratom),???(??????????????),????????????????????????,????????????????????,?????????????????????(EEC),?????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,?????????????92???94????????(state aid),?????????[2]
2. ???????????????
1965??????,????????????????????«???»,???????,?,?????,???«??»????????
1974?????,??????????«??????1985????????????»,???????????????1985?50%,??????,??[3]
??????????????,??????,????????????????????????????????,????????,????,??????
(???????)?????????
1980???,?????«???????????1990??»,????????????,??[4]???1974????
1986??????????????????,???????«??????????????????????????»,[5]??????,??????,?????????
??????????????????,??????????,???????????????????????????,???????
????
1992???????????,????????????«?????????????????????»(??????«?»),???????????????????????????????????????????(EU),???????????????????????(EEC)?????????(EC),??????«??»???«???»???????????????????????
??????????????«??»??,?????????,«??????????????»????????130???????????????????????????????,???????
??,????????????????,???????????????????????????
(?)????????????
1995??,??????«?????????»???????????????,?????????,?????[6]
1997?,??????«?:???»????????????,[7]?,?????????????,???????????????????????????????????
2000???????????,?????«??????????»???????????,?????,???????[8]
?????????,?????????,???????????????
(???????????????????????)????????????
?????????,???????2006?«???????????????????????????»?????????????,???????????????????????,???????????????,?,?????????????????[9]
2007??????????????????????,????????«????????»,??????«??»?????????????«???????»,?????????????«????»?????????????????????????????«???????»???????,«???????»??????????????88?4??????????????,?????????,????«??????????????????????»???????????,????????[10]
2010????,???????????????????«?2020?????????????????????????»,???,??[11]
2011???????????,?????????????«2050?????????????»,????????????????????2020??????????????????????,??????????????????,?????????????????(???????????????)?????????,??[12]
?????????????,?????????,???????????
?????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????«???????????????????»?????????????107????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????(?),????????????????????
?????????????????:???,???,????????????????,?;???????,????
?????2023???????????7???????WTO?????,[13]?????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????,?????????????,?????2021-2022????????????????????2273.5?????????????????????
????????????,????????????,??????????????????,??
(????)?????????????????
1. ????????????????????????????????
2014??,??«2030?????»,?????2030????????????,?,???????????????????????????,???2030??????????????27%,??????????[14]
2015??????????????,????????????«??»,????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????,???????????????,??????????[15]
2018??????,????????????????????«?»,?2030??32%,???????????[16]
??,?????????????????«???????????????????»,????2050?????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,????????????,???????[17]
2. ???«?????????»?????????????????«?????????????????????????????»????????????????????
2019??????????????,??«???»,??????????????????,????????,???????2030??????1990??55%????????2050?????????????????????????????
??,?????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????,«?»????????????????:???;????????????????????????????;????????????????,?????????????????????,????????????????????,??????????,??????[18]
2020?????3????????,??????????????????«??»,???????????:????????;?????????;???2021?????5???????????????????????[19]?????????????????????????????????????,????,???????????????????????,????????,?,????????(IPCEI)?????????????????,???????????????
2022??????????,??????????????,?????????????????,?????????????REPowerEU?????,????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????,??2030?????????????????45%,???????[20]
3. ??
2023??????,???????????????«??»,???????????«?????????»,???????????????????,????????????????????[21]
2024???????,???????«????»???«?»??«?»????
«??????????»????[22]?????????????????????????????;?????????????2030??????????????????????????????,?????40%;?????????(NZSPs),????????,?????????;?«??????????»??????????????,????????
«?????????????»????????????,??????2030??????????????????????????????????????????????,?????,?????-????????????????????????????,???????????????????
(???????????????????????????????)???????????
1. ??
2018??????????,?«???:????????»,????????????????????????,?,????????,??????????????(electro-mobility,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)?
?????(CEF),????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,???,??????,??????
2. ??
2017???????????????????,?????????????????????????????,???,?,???????????,?????????[23]
2018????????????????????????,?????????«???????»,??????????????????????????????????,?????????[24]?????,??????????????????????????:??;????????????????????,??????????????????????;??????,?????????;?;??(??????);????????????????
?,?????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????,?????????
(????)?????????????????????????????????
1. ???
2022????,??????????????????????«???????????????????»,????2025???320?(GW)???????????????2030?????????600?????[25]????????,??????
???,?:???????????????????????????????????,?????????????????;???????????????????;??????????????,?????;??
2. ????????????????????????
?????,???????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:?,???????;????????????????????????,?;?????????????;?????????????????;???
2024??,???????????????????????????????????«??»,????????????????,????????(??????????????????????)????????????????????????????????,???,???????
???,??????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????,??
???????????????????????????????????:??????????????????? - ??????????????????????????????????
(?)????????:????????????????????????????
?????2006??????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«????????????????»«???»«????????????????????»??,??????????????????????????,?????????,???????????????????
????????,?????????????????????????,,????2020????????????2??????2026?????12?????31?????????????????????,??7230???,??????????????????3380?,3850?????????,??????37%?????2024??????????4?????,????879?????????????????????,????????????????????????25.7%?[26]
???????????????????(CEF)???«????»?,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2021-2027?????,?????????????59.4?????????????[27]
???????????????????????????????????,????:?????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????,?????????[28]????????????????????????????????????2023?????,??2021-2022???????????2273.5???????????????
(???????????????)???????:??
??????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????,???!
????????????,??????????????????,??????????,????????????????????,??????????,????????????????????[29]
?????8??20????,???????,?,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????,????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,???,??,????????????????,??????????????????????[30]
???????,??2035???????,???????????????,?????????????????????(?)?????????????????????????????,?,???????????[31]
2024?????????????????8???????9??????????,???????????(WT/DS626???),[32]??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«????????»????????????????????6???????«???????????????»??1????2???????????10?????????????17????????????????????????19?????????????????22?32??????,?????,??
(??????)???????????:????????????????????
????,?????????,????????«????????????????????????»«???????»«?????»??????,????????????,??????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????
????????????????????,??????????????????????,????,???????????????,???,?????????????
???????????1957???????????«?????????»????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????«?»???????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????,????????
???????????????????????,2018??????2024????????????????????????8??,???????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????362??????????????????????(????????????320??????),???????68???????????(??????????21%),??????????????????????61??????????????(?????????????????17%)?[33]?,????,?????????????????????????
???????|??????????????? ???? ??????????????
?
[1]???????:
[2]??????????????????«?????????»??298??????????????51?????????????????????52??????
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]????????:????????????????????????,2024???4????
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]??????????????????????????????:
[30]???????:
[31]
[32]????(WT/DS626???):
[33] ????????????????????????:????
????