?????75?????(????????)

????:????????????:????????

???75??75????????????,????????????????,????????????????????,???,???????????,???????,???

???????????,?????????,???????????????????,2023??223??????????????????????????GDP?89??????????43.6????????????……??????????75?,“?????”????????????75?????,??????????“????????”????????,????????????????????????????,??????????????????

???????????? ????

??????????7.9%

?

??????????,???????????,????????????????????????,?,????1952?679??????,?1978??????????????3679??;?,?????????????,1986???????1??,2000????????????10???????,2006?20??,???????????????12?????10?????,2020????????????????100?,2023??126?????????,??????,2023??1952???????223??????????,????????????????????7.9%;?????????,19792023?8.9%,????????????3.0%????????

??GDP?????????????8.9??????????????????????????????

????????

1952??????????????,????GDP????????????????????????119????????,???????,???????GDP??2019???????????????,???GDP??70078??????????????????????????,?????????????10158??????????????,??1????????????;2023??????????89358???????,?1952?????????????89????????,??6.5%,??12681???,????????3??????1.2???????????????????????,2023??????????(GNI)???1.34??,?????????

?????

?

??????????,?????????,?????1952????,?????????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%??????,??????????,?????????

?????????,????,????,?,?????????2023?,??????????????????????????????????????????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%??,???9????????1.3??,????????????,?????????????,???????????????????????????????????,?,???????????“?+”???????????????

“??????”???????22.4?????????????

?

??,????,???,??????????????????,???????????????

20132023?,???????????????????????8.7%?10.3%,?,??????????????????????5G???,“???????????????????????”??,????????????????

?????2023????????,??421???????????;??????????,???????????

?????,????????????????????,“??”?????????????2023??????????,?????“?”??????????????22.4?,?????GDP????????????17.73%?

??????????????

?????????????

1949??2.2???????????,?????8.1????????????,???????????????75???,????????????????,?,???????????????,????????????

2023???????????????????????,???15.9????????????,???????????????????1949??????6?,????????4.5??????,??????2/3??;??????????544??,????????66?,??????????????18.4???????????,???????;???????????12.8??????????????,??74.1%;?876?????????????????????,2023????1.7??????????????????????????????,??2016??10???????,?????????,?????????????????????????

??????????3.92??

??

1949??????????49.7?????????????1978???????????,??????171???????,?151?????????,???????????????????????,?????????????,??,????????,????2023?,????????????39218??????????,????1949??????????76???,?????????6.0%;?26796????,??????????1956????36?????????,????5.5%?

????????,???????????,??????2023?????????????????????????????,??29.8%,???????????????1978???34.1???;??????????????45.2%,???2013?5.5?????????????,???,??2023?,???????49.7???????????????????,???145.9?????????????,?2013????????????2.9???????????2.1?????

?

?????????????

??????????,????????,???????????

????,??????????????????????,?????????????,????,????????,???,??????

2023??,????????????10.66????,????1989??10.09??;????????????????????????2.44???????????3.02??????????????,??1994?1.64????????2.84???????????,?????????????????,????????,??

9899?

????????????

???,???????????????????????20???????????5070???,????,?????????????????????,???????????“??????????”???????????,?????????????????????????,???????????????????

???,??????????????????,??????8?,??2020?????9899???????,832?,12.8????,????????,??????????,??????10?????????«?????????2030??????????»???????,???????????????????,?????????????

?????????????60%

?????

???????????,?????,?,??????????

2023??,????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;?????????????????????????????1.6???????????4542????????????????,?????1949??6.4??103?,???????????(OECD)?????

???,?????,???2023???,?60%,???????????;?????????1982??8??11.05????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????

??????????

1950???????????,?11.3????????????,?1978?206???????,?,2001???,??,????????

???????????????????,????,???,????????1978???????????1%????????????????2023?12.4%,????????7????????????????“?????”?????????,?150????30???????230?“??????????”??????????,????25??????????200?????,??????????“??????????”?

?

??????

????,???,???????????????????????????,??????????????????????,??????????1999????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????2012???,?????????,???????????????4.9,?1952?8.1?

???????????????????,??????????????????????????????,?????????20132023????????????,???????????6.9%?7.1%,?????????2023????,????????????46.7%?24.4%,?????????????????????2012????????2.9??0.9???

???46.3????????

??

???????????????????????,??????????,???????1956??????????????????????????????“?”??,??????????,??,????????,??

???????????,?????????,????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????“??”,???????????????,???11????????,????,???????????2023????????????,??,?????????46.3????????

??????????66%

???????

????????????,???1949??????????10.64%,1978???17.92%???????,????????????????,??????????2023??,????????9.3??,????1978??????????????????????????????7.6?????????????;?66.16%,??????????48.24????????????

??????,?,???,????????????2023??????????,?????????????48.3%,????????????2015?????????????????8.4??????????????????????????????,?,???????????????????,??????????2012???2.88:1???2023??2.39:1?2023?????,?????????????????????12.4:1,?????????????2013???????????????????????1.4?2023???????460?????????,??99%????,?14.4?????

??????????3246??????????6833?????

???????????

1949??????????????,???????????????????,????????????????????,??,???2023??,?3246???????6833?,?1949?????????59???????????????325?;???119?????????(??????)?

???????,??????,???????,????,????????2022????????,??4.46%,???2013????????????0.77?????;???????????????????2012?????????????????????888???2023???????1622????????????????????

????78.6???????

?????????

?????,????,??????????75????????????,?,??,????2023????????????,???107????????????,?????????1017?????????,??1249???????????

?,???????,??????????,????????????????2023??????,??13.34?,????2018???????95%?????2023????????????,??????????78.6???????????,????1949??43.6?,??????????

???????????24.02%

?????????

20?????50?,?????,?????????????,????????,???????????????????????????“??”??????????2022??,??9014?,?????????20?80??25?????30?????????;??????????18%,??

?????????????,“??”??????????????24.02%?2023????????????????,??????????(PM2.5)???2016?????28.6%,?????????21.6???,????????????????????????,???????????????“?”?????“???”,??(??????) ??:????????????