? ??

2024????????8?????20?????,?(AS689)????????,[1]???17%-36.3%??????????????(?????????9%)??2023???9???13??????“???”?????,?????????????????,?????2023????10?????????????????4????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????“?”???????????????,??????

???,???????,?????????,???????????????“?”(?????????)?????,???????«??»?????,??????“?”????????????????2019??????????????«????»???,???????????,????????????????“?????????????????????”????????????????2020??????????????,?«?»,??????????????,?????????“?????”??????????????,?????????????,????????,???????????????

???????????????“????????”?????????????????????,????????

????????

(??????????????????????????)?,??????????????

1. ?

???????,????????????????????1951?????,?(??????????????????????????????????????????????)??«????????????»,?????????????????“????????”(ECSC),???,?,??????????????????????????????????????????????????

1957??????????,?????????????????????«???????????????»??????????«?????????????»????????????“???”(Euratom),???(???????????),???????????????,??????????????????????????,??????????????????????“??????????????”(EEC),?????,???????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????92???94???(state aid),?????[2]

2. ?????????????

1965??,????«?????»,?????,??????????,???????????,?????«???»?????????????????????

1974???????????,?????????????????????????????«???1985??»,????????????????????????1985??????????????????????50%,??????,??????[3]

???????????,????????,???????,???,?,?????????????????????

(??????????????????)??????????????

1980??,??????????????????????«???????????????1990???»,??????,????????????[4]????????????????????????1974????????????????????????

1986?,??????????????????????????«??????»,[5]?????????????,?????,??????????????

????????,??,??????????????????????,???????????????????????

???????????????????????????

1992???????,???«????»(??«?????????»),?????????????????“??????”(EU),??????????“???????????????”(EEC)?????“?????????????”(EC),??«?»???????«?????????????????????»?????????????????????????????????

???????«???????????????????????»??????????????,????????????????????????????,«???????????????»??130????????,???

???????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????,???“?????”????

(????)???????

1995??,?????«?»???????????,?????????????????????,??????????????????????[6]

1997????????????,??«?????????:??????????????????»???,[7]?????,????????????,???????

2000??,??«????????»????????,??,??????????[8]

??????,???????????,????????????????

(???????????????????)?????

???,?2006???????????????????«????????????????????»?????,???????,??????????,???????????????,???????????????????????????????[9]

2007?????,????????????????????????«?»,???????????????????«??????»?????«???????»,???«????????????????????????»????«???????»??????,«??????????»?????????????????88??4???,?????????????????,????«??????????????????????????»???????????????????????“?”?????????,??????????????????????????????[10]

2010?????,???????????«??????2020???»,???????,???????[11]

2011??????,?«2050?????»,??????????????2020???????????,??????,?????(?????????????)????????????????????????,???????[12]

?????,?,?????????????????

?????“???”???

??«???????????»????????107????,??????????????????????????,?????(?),??????

??????“??”????????????:???,??????,???????????,?????????????????;??????????,???????

??????????????????2023???????????7???????WTO???,[13]??????????????,??????“??????”?“?????????????”???,??????????????????,????2021-2022???????????????2273.5????????????????

??????,?????????????“????????????????????”???????????????,??????????????,?????????????

(?)????????????????????“???”??????????

1. ?“?”?

2014????????????,????????????????????????«2030?»,??????????????????2030?????????????,?,?????????????,??????2030??27%,????????????????????????[14]

2015?????,???????????????«???????»,?????“??????????”,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????“???????”?????????????,?,????????[15]

2018???????,??????????????«?????»,???????????2030??32%,?????????????????[16]

????????????????????,???«????????????????????????????????????????????»,?????2050???????????“???”???????????????????,??????????????“???????????????????????????????????”???????????????????????,????????????????,????????????,?????????[17]

2. ????????????«?????????????????????»??«????»??“??????????”???

2019????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????«???????????»,??????,??????,??????????2030????????????????????????1990???55%??2050????“??????????????????????”??

???????????????????,?????????????????????“??”?,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????“????????????????”??????????????????????,«??????????»???????????????:?????????;?????????????????????????????????????????????????????;??,???????,????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????,???[18]

2020??????????????3??????????,?????????????«????????????»,???:???????;?“?????????????????”;??????????2021??????????????????????5?????????[19]???,?????????,????????????????????,???????????????????,?,?????????????????????????????“??”(IPCEI)??????,??????????????????

2022?????,????,??????????????????????????????,??????????“REPowerEU”????,??????????????????????????,??????????????????,???????????2030???45%,????[20]

3. ?

2023?????????????????,?«???????????????????»,??????«??»,??????,????????????“????????”???????[21]

2024????????????????????,???????«???????»??????????????«?????»?????????«???»??????????????

«??????????????»????????????????????[22]?????????“???”?????????;????????????????????2030???,?40%;??????“??????”(NZSPs),??,?;??«?????»???????????,????????????????????????????????

«???»??????????????,?????????2030????????????????,?????????,????????-????????????????????????????,???“?”?????????

(???)??

1. ??????

2018?,??????????????????????????????«?????:??????????»,??????????????????,?,?,?????“???????”(electro-mobility,?????????????????????????)?

??“??”(CEF),?,????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????,?????????????,???

2. ??????????????????????

2017??????,?????????????“????????????????”,?????????????,????????????????????????,??????????????????,????[23]

2018???????????,??«???????????????»,????????????????????????????????????????????,??????[24]?????????????,????:???????;??????????????,????????????????;????????????,???????????;????????????????????;????????(?????????);???????????

?,??????????????,??????????????????“??????????”?????????????“?????????????”??????????,??,????????????????????????

(????????)?????

1. ????????????????

2022?,?????????????????????«?????»,??2025???????????????????????320????????????????????(GW)???2030?????????????600????[25]??????,???????????????????????

???????????,??????:???“??????”,?????????????;????????????????????????;??????,????????;??????

2. ?????????????

???,??,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:??????,????????????;????,?????????;??????????;????????????;????????????????

2024?????????,??????????«??»,?????????????????????????????????????,??????????(??)????????????????????“?????”????,??????????,??????

?????,????????,?????????“????”???????“?”???????????,??,????????????

???????????????:? - ??????????????????????????????

(?????????)???????????????????????????:???????????????“???????????????????”??

???2006????????????????????,?????“??????????”???????????«???????????????»«?????»«???»??????????????????????,???,?“????????????????????????????????????”????????????????????????,??????????????????

???,“???????????????”????“????????”????????????,??,?????????????????????????????2020??2???2026???????12?31?????,????????7230???,????????3380?,3850???????????????????????????????,????37%????????????2024??4?????????????????,?879??????????,?????????????????“??????”??????????????????????????????25.7%?[26]

“??”(CEF)??????«?»????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????2021-2027?????????????,?????59.4??????????[27]

“??”??,???:“??????”“????”??“??????”?“??????????????????”?????,“????????”???“???????????????????????”?????????????????,“??????????”?????????[28]“??”?????????????????????????????2023??????????,???????2021-2022????2273.5????

(??)????:?????????????????

??????????????????“??????????????”???,??“??????”?????,??!

?????,????,??????,????????????????????,?????,???[29]

???????8??????20???,????????????????????????,????,??????“?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????”??????,?????????????????,??“??????????????”?????????“????????”???????????????????????,???,?????,?,??????????????????????“???????????”,???????????????????????????????[30]

????,????????2035????????????,?????????????????,????(??????????????)?????????,??????????????,???????[31]

2024????????????????????????????8??9?????????????????,?(WT/DS626??????????),[32]??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«?»?6???«???????????»????1??????????????????2??????10??17??????????????????????19????????????????????????????????????22????????32?,???????,??

(???????)?????????:??????“????????”????????

??????????????,????????,????????????????«????»«??????????»«??????????????»?????,?????“????????”???????,??????????????,?“??????”??????????????,????????

???????????,?,???,???????????????????,???????????????,?“??????”?????????????????????

?????????????1957???????????«???????????????????????????????»??????????????“??????????????”???????????????,?«??????»???????????????????????,?????????????,?????????????“??????????”????????????????

???,2018???2024????????????????8??????,?????????“?????????????”????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????362?????????????????????????(?320????????????????),??????????68????????????(?????????????????21%),???61???????????????(??17%)?[33]????????????????????????,?,????????“???”?????????????

???|? ???? ???????????????

????????????????????????

[1]??:

[2]?????????«?»??????298??????????????????????51?52??

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]???????????????????:??,2024??????4?????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]?????:

[30]??????:

[31]

[32]????????????????(WT/DS626????????????????????????):

[33] ????????????:?????? 湖北新茶人性息

?? ???“??????”????????????

???“??????”????????????
??
2024-08-23 17:07:44

????:1??????????????:??????????

2????????????

3????????????

4??????????

5??????ktv???

? ??

2024????????8?????20?????,?(AS689)????????,[1]???17%-36.3%??????????????(?????????9%)??2023???9???13??????“???”?????,?????????????????,?????2023????10?????????????????4????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????“?”???????????????,??????

???,???????,?????????,???????????????“?”(?????????)?????,???????«??»?????,??????“?”????????????????2019??????????????«????»???,???????????,????????????????“?????????????????????”????????????????2020??????????????,?«?»,??????????????,?????????“?????”??????????????,?????????????,????????,???????????????

???????????????“????????”?????????????????????,????????

????????

(??????????????????????????)?,??????????????

1. ?

???????,????????????????????1951?????,?(??????????????????????????????????????????????)??«????????????»,?????????????????“????????”(ECSC),???,?,??????????????????????????????????????????????????

1957??????????,?????????????????????«???????????????»??????????«?????????????»????????????“???”(Euratom),???(???????????),???????????????,??????????????????????????,??????????????????????“??????????????”(EEC),?????,???????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????92???94???(state aid),?????[2]

2. ?????????????

1965??,????«?????»,?????,??????????,???????????,?????«???»?????????????????????

1974???????????,?????????????????????????????«???1985??»,????????????????????????1985??????????????????????50%,??????,??????[3]

???????????,????????,???????,???,?,?????????????????????

(??????????????????)??????????????

1980??,??????????????????????«???????????????1990???»,??????,????????????[4]????????????????????????1974????????????????????????

1986?,??????????????????????????«??????»,[5]?????????????,?????,??????????????

????????,??,??????????????????????,???????????????????????

???????????????????????????

1992???????,???«????»(??«?????????»),?????????????????“??????”(EU),??????????“???????????????”(EEC)?????“?????????????”(EC),??«?»???????«?????????????????????»?????????????????????????????????

???????«???????????????????????»??????????????,????????????????????????????,«???????????????»??130????????,???

???????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????,???“?????”????

(????)???????

1995??,?????«?»???????????,?????????????????????,??????????????????????[6]

1997????????????,??«?????????:??????????????????»???,[7]?????,????????????,???????

2000??,??«????????»????????,??,??????????[8]

??????,???????????,????????????????

(???????????????????)?????

???,?2006???????????????????«????????????????????»?????,???????,??????????,???????????????,???????????????????????????????[9]

2007?????,????????????????????????«?»,???????????????????«??????»?????«???????»,???«????????????????????????»????«???????»??????,«??????????»?????????????????88??4???,?????????????????,????«??????????????????????????»???????????????????????“?”?????????,??????????????????????????????[10]

2010?????,???????????«??????2020???»,???????,???????[11]

2011??????,?«2050?????»,??????????????2020???????????,??????,?????(?????????????)????????????????????????,???????[12]

?????,?,?????????????????

?????“???”???

??«???????????»????????107????,??????????????????????????,?????(?),??????

??????“??”????????????:???,??????,???????????,?????????????????;??????????,???????

??????????????????2023???????????7???????WTO???,[13]??????????????,??????“??????”?“?????????????”???,??????????????????,????2021-2022???????????????2273.5????????????????

??????,?????????????“????????????????????”???????????????,??????????????,?????????????

(?)????????????????????“???”??????????

1. ?“?”?

2014????????????,????????????????????????«2030?»,??????????????????2030?????????????,?,?????????????,??????2030??27%,????????????????????????[14]

2015?????,???????????????«???????»,?????“??????????”,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????“???????”?????????????,?,????????[15]

2018???????,??????????????«?????»,???????????2030??32%,?????????????????[16]

????????????????????,???«????????????????????????????????????????????»,?????2050???????????“???”???????????????????,??????????????“???????????????????????????????????”???????????????????????,????????????????,????????????,?????????[17]

2. ????????????«?????????????????????»??«????»??“??????????”???

2019????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????«???????????»,??????,??????,??????????2030????????????????????????1990???55%??2050????“??????????????????????”??

???????????????????,?????????????????????“??”?,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????“????????????????”??????????????????????,«??????????»???????????????:?????????;?????????????????????????????????????????????????????;??,???????,????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????,???[18]

2020??????????????3??????????,?????????????«????????????»,???:???????;?“?????????????????”;??????????2021??????????????????????5?????????[19]???,?????????,????????????????????,???????????????????,?,?????????????????????????????“??”(IPCEI)??????,??????????????????

2022?????,????,??????????????????????????????,??????????“REPowerEU”????,??????????????????????????,??????????????????,???????????2030???45%,????[20]

3. ?

2023?????????????????,?«???????????????????»,??????«??»,??????,????????????“????????”???????[21]

2024????????????????????,???????«???????»??????????????«?????»?????????«???»??????????????

«??????????????»????????????????????[22]?????????“???”?????????;????????????????????2030???,?40%;??????“??????”(NZSPs),??,?;??«?????»???????????,????????????????????????????????

«???»??????????????,?????????2030????????????????,?????????,????????-????????????????????????????,???“?”?????????

(???)??

1. ??????

2018?,??????????????????????????????«?????:??????????»,??????????????????,?,?,?????“???????”(electro-mobility,?????????????????????????)?

??“??”(CEF),?,????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????,?????????????,???

2. ??????????????????????

2017??????,?????????????“????????????????”,?????????????,????????????????????????,??????????????????,????[23]

2018???????????,??«???????????????»,????????????????????????????????????????????,??????[24]?????????????,????:???????;??????????????,????????????????;????????????,???????????;????????????????????;????????(?????????);???????????

?,??????????????,??????????????????“??????????”?????????????“?????????????”??????????,??,????????????????????????

(????????)?????

1. ????????????????

2022?,?????????????????????«?????»,??2025???????????????????????320????????????????????(GW)???2030?????????????600????[25]??????,???????????????????????

???????????,??????:???“??????”,?????????????;????????????????????????;??????,????????;??????

2. ?????????????

???,??,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:??????,????????????;????,?????????;??????????;????????????;????????????????

2024?????????,??????????«??»,?????????????????????????????????????,??????????(??)????????????????????“?????”????,??????????,??????

?????,????????,?????????“????”???????“?”???????????,??,????????????

???????????????:? - ??????????????????????????????

(?????????)???????????????????????????:???????????????“???????????????????”??

???2006????????????????????,?????“??????????”???????????«???????????????»«?????»«???»??????????????????????,???,?“????????????????????????????????????”????????????????????????,??????????????????

???,“???????????????”????“????????”????????????,??,?????????????????????????????2020??2???2026???????12?31?????,????????7230???,????????3380?,3850???????????????????????????????,????37%????????????2024??4?????????????????,?879??????????,?????????????????“??????”??????????????????????????????25.7%?[26]

“??”(CEF)??????«?»????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????2021-2027?????????????,?????59.4??????????[27]

“??”??,???:“??????”“????”??“??????”?“??????????????????”?????,“????????”???“???????????????????????”?????????????????,“??????????”?????????[28]“??”?????????????????????????????2023??????????,???????2021-2022????2273.5????

(??)????:?????????????????

??????????????????“??????????????”???,??“??????”?????,??!

?????,????,??????,????????????????????,?????,???[29]

???????8??????20???,????????????????????????,????,??????“?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????”??????,?????????????????,??“??????????????”?????????“????????”???????????????????????,???,?????,?,??????????????????????“???????????”,???????????????????????????????[30]

????,????????2035????????????,?????????????????,????(??????????????)?????????,??????????????,???????[31]

2024????????????????????????????8??9?????????????????,?(WT/DS626??????????),[32]??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«?»?6???«???????????»????1??????????????????2??????10??17??????????????????????19????????????????????????????????????22????????32?,???????,??

(???????)?????????:??????“????????”????????

??????????????,????????,????????????????«????»«??????????»«??????????????»?????,?????“????????”???????,??????????????,?“??????”??????????????,????????

???????????,?,???,???????????????????,???????????????,?“??????”?????????????????????

?????????????1957???????????«???????????????????????????????»??????????????“??????????????”???????????????,?«??????»???????????????????????,?????????????,?????????????“??????????”????????????????

???,2018???2024????????????????8??????,?????????“?????????????”????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????362?????????????????????????(?320????????????????),??????????68????????????(?????????????????21%),???61???????????????(??17%)?[33]????????????????????????,?,????????“???”?????????????

???|? ???? ???????????????

????????????????????????

[1]??:

[2]?????????«?»??????298??????????????????????51?52??

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]???????????????????:??,2024??????4?????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

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