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2024????????8?????20?????,?(AS689)????????,[1]???17%-36.3%??????????????(?????????9%)??2023???9???13??????????????,?????????????????,?????2023????10?????????????????4????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????,??????
???,???????,?????????,????????????????(?????????)?????,???????«??»?????,???????????????????????2019??????????????«????»???,???????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????2020??????????????,?«?»,??????????????,????????????????????????????,?????????????,????????,???????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????,????????
????????
(??????????????????????????)?,??????????????
1. ?
???????,????????????????????1951?????,?(??????????????????????????????????????????????)??«????????????»,?????????????????????????(ECSC),???,?,??????????????????????????????????????????????????
1957??????????,?????????????????????«???????????????»??????????«?????????????»???????????????(Euratom),???(???????????),???????????????,??????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????(EEC),?????,???????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????92???94???(state aid),?????[2]
2. ?????????????
1965??,????«?????»,?????,??????????,???????????,?????«???»?????????????????????
1974???????????,?????????????????????????????«???1985??»,????????????????????????1985??????????????????????50%,??????,??????[3]
???????????,????????,???????,???,?,?????????????????????
(??????????????????)??????????????
1980??,??????????????????????«???????????????1990???»,??????,????????????[4]????????????????????????1974????????????????????????
1986?,??????????????????????????«??????»,[5]?????????????,?????,??????????????
????????,??,??????????????????????,???????????????????????
???????????????????????????
1992???????,???«????»(??«?????????»),???????????????????????(EU),?????????????????????????(EEC)??????????????????(EC),??«?»???????«?????????????????????»?????????????????????????????????
???????«???????????????????????»??????????????,????????????????????????????,«???????????????»??130????????,???
???????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????,????????????
(????)???????
1995??,?????«?»???????????,?????????????????????,??????????????????????[6]
1997????????????,??«?????????:??????????????????»???,[7]?????,????????????,???????
2000??,??«????????»????????,??,??????????[8]
??????,???????????,????????????????
(???????????????????)?????
???,?2006???????????????????«????????????????????»?????,???????,??????????,???????????????,???????????????????????????????[9]
2007?????,????????????????????????«?»,???????????????????«??????»?????«???????»,???«????????????????????????»????«???????»??????,«??????????»?????????????????88??4???,?????????????????,????«??????????????????????????»?????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????[10]
2010?????,???????????«??????2020???»,???????,???????[11]
2011??????,?«2050?????»,??????????????2020???????????,??????,?????(?????????????)????????????????????????,???????[12]
?????,?,?????????????????
???????????
??«???????????»????????107????,??????????????????????????,?????(?),??????
????????????????????:???,??????,???????????,?????????????????;??????????,???????
??????????????????2023???????????7???????WTO???,[13]??????????????,?????????????????????????????,??????????????????,????2021-2022???????????????2273.5????????????????
??????,????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????,?????????????
(?)?????????????????????????????????
1. ???
2014????????????,????????????????????????«2030?»,??????????????????2030?????????????,?,?????????????,??????2030??27%,????????????????????????[14]
2015?????,???????????????«???????»,???????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,?,????????[15]
2018???????,??????????????«?????»,???????????2030??32%,?????????????????[16]
????????????????????,???«????????????????????????????????????????????»,?????2050?????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????,????????????,?????????[17]
2. ????????????«?????????????????????»??«????»???????????????
2019????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????«???????????»,??????,??????,??????????2030????????????????????????1990???55%??2050????????????????????????????
???????????????????,????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????,«??????????»???????????????:?????????;?????????????????????????????????????????????????????;??,???????,????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????,???[18]
2020??????????????3??????????,?????????????«????????????»,???:???????;??????????????????;??????????2021??????????????????????5?????????[19]???,?????????,????????????????????,???????????????????,?,???????????????????????????????(IPCEI)??????,??????????????????
2022?????,????,??????????????????????????????,??????????REPowerEU????,??????????????????????????,??????????????????,???????????2030???45%,????[20]
3. ?
2023?????????????????,?«???????????????????»,??????«??»,??????,???????????????????????????[21]
2024????????????????????,???????«???????»??????????????«?????»?????????«???»??????????????
«??????????????»????????????????????[22]?????????????????????;????????????????????2030???,?40%;????????????(NZSPs),??,?;??«?????»???????????,????????????????????????????????
«???»??????????????,?????????2030????????????????,?????????,????????-????????????????????????????,?????????????
(???)??
1. ??????
2018?,??????????????????????????????«?????:??????????»,??????????????????,?,?,????????????(electro-mobility,?????????????????????????)?
????(CEF),?,????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????,?????????????,???
2. ??????????????????????
2017??????,?????????????????????????????,?????????????,????????????????????????,??????????????????,????[23]
2018???????????,??«???????????????»,????????????????????????????????????????????,??????[24]?????????????,????:???????;??????????????,????????????????;????????????,???????????;????????????????????;????????(?????????);???????????
?,??????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??,????????????????????????
(????????)?????
1. ????????????????
2022?,?????????????????????«?????»,??2025???????????????????????320????????????????????(GW)???2030?????????????600????[25]??????,???????????????????????
???????????,??????:?????????,?????????????;????????????????????????;??????,????????;??????
2. ?????????????
???,??,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:??????,????????????;????,?????????;??????????;????????????;????????????????
2024?????????,??????????«??»,?????????????????????????????????????,??????????(??)?????????????????????????????,??????????,??????
?????,????????,????????????????????????????????,??,????????????
???????????????:? - ??????????????????????????????
(?????????)???????????????????????????:????????????????????????????????????
???2006????????????????????,??????????????????????????«???????????????»«?????»«???»??????????????????????,???,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????
???,???????????????????????????????????????,??,?????????????????????????????2020??2???2026???????12?31?????,????????7230???,????????3380?,3850???????????????????????????????,????37%????????????2024??4?????????????????,?879??????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????25.7%?[26]
??(CEF)??????«?»????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????2021-2027?????????????,?????59.4??????????[27]
????,???:??????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????[28]???????????????????????????????2023??????????,???????2021-2022????2273.5????
(??)????:?????????????????
???????????????????????????????????,?????????????,??!
?????,????,??????,????????????????????,?????,???[29]
???????8??????20???,????????????????????????,????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???,?????,?,?????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????[30]
????,????????2035????????????,?????????????????,????(??????????????)?????????,??????????????,???????[31]
2024????????????????????????????8??9?????????????????,?(WT/DS626??????????),[32]??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«?»?6???«???????????»????1??????????????????2??????10??17??????????????????????19????????????????????????????????????22????????32?,???????,??
(???????)?????????:??????????????????????
??????????????,????????,????????????????«????»«??????????»«??????????????»?????,????????????????????,??????????????,?????????????????????,????????
???????????,?,???,???????????????????,???????????????,????????????????????????????
?????????????1957???????????«???????????????????????????????»???????????????????????????????????????????,?«??????»???????????????????????,?????????????,???????????????????????????????????????
???,2018???2024????????????????8??????,??????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????362?????????????????????????(?320????????????????),??????????68????????????(?????????????????21%),???61???????????????(??17%)?[33]????????????????????????,?,????????????????????????
???|? ???? ???????????????
????????????????????????
[1]??:
[2]?????????«?»??????298??????????????????????51?52??
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]???????????????????:??,2024??????4?????
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]?????:
[30]??????:
[31]
[32]????????????????(WT/DS626????????????????????????):
[33] ????????????:??????