????:1?????:????

2????????

3??????????

4?????

5???????

????11??20????????? ????:“???????????”???????

???????????

????? ??????????????

“??”?????????????????????????????“??”“??????,???”“???”?????????,?????????????“??”???????????,??????????“?????”,??????,?????????????????,????????????????????????

???????????:

??:??

????????????:???,?????????,“?????”(?????800???200????)??,??????????????????????????????,????????????????????????,??????????“?????????????”?

???????,???????“???????”??,????????,????????????????????????????“????”“??????????????”????,?????,???????,“??”????,???“??”,?????????????????????

???????????

??:“??????????”??????????????

?????????????:?????????????????(Louis Henkin)????????????,“????,?????,?????,?????”“???”??,?????????????????????????“???????????????????”??“??????????????????”???????(???),??,????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????,???

??????????,“??????????????????”?,??“?????????????????”,????,????????,????«???????????????»???????????????????,???????????????????162??“???”,?????“????????????????”??????????????????,“????”(«?»),“?”(«???????»),?????????“?,???????”(«??????????????»),??“????????????????,???”(«??????????????????????»)?????“??,???????”(«???????»,??«???????????????????????»)?????????????????????,???????“?????”????

????????????,“??”?????????????,??“????”,??,??????????????«??»??“????????,????,???,?????????”(«????????????????»)????????????????“??,???????,????”(«??????????????????????»)????????????????????????????????“?????”????????????????????,???????????????????????????“???,????,??,??”(«??????????????????????»)?????????????“?????????”????????,???,??????????

??,“???”????,???????“????????”,????????????????????????,???,?????????,??????“???????”?????????????,??????????????,“????”??“??”(«??????????????????????»),??????????,??????????????“?,???”(«?????»)?“????”???“???”(«???????»)???“?????”(«???????»),??“????????????”(«????»)????“????????????????????”??“???????????????????”??,????“??????”“??????????”“????????????????????????”?????,????????????“???????????”?????????????????,???,???????“???????,????”(«??????????»)?“??????????,??????????”(«????»)?

?????,“???”??,?????“???????”,???,???????????????????????,??????,??“??????”????????????,????“???”????,???????“???????”(«?????»),???????,????“??”???????????????????????????“???????????????????????????????”“???”,????“??,?????????”(«?????»)?“????,?????????”(«???????»),????????????????

???????????????,“????”??????“??”“???”“??”“????????????????????”“??”??????????????????????????,“??”???????????????,“????”??,“?”????,“????????”?,“??????”????????????,“???????????????”???????,????,????????????

?????????

???????:?“?”???????????

?????:“??”?????,????????????????????????,?????,??,????????????????????????????,?????????????,?????,?????????????????????????????????????,?????,????

????????“???”?????,??2300??,????,????????????????????????,?????????????????,???????,??????“?????”?????????????????????????????????,???

??:???????????????“??”?????“?????”?

?:????????,“?????”?????????????“??????????????”??????????“??????”,??:?????“?????????”????????????????????,?????????????,???????????????;?????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,????,???;??,?????,??,?????????(??)

????????????????:

?????????

??????????,????,???????????????????,??????????????,??,??«????????????????»????

?????:???