????:1???????:????????

2???????

3??????????

4??????????

5??????????

???????????????75?????????????75?????????????????????,????????????????????

?????????,????????????????????????????????……??????

???«????????»????????,???

????«??»??????,13????????????

???2023????????,???????7.98???????????“????”??????,??????????“????”??????,????????????????????????????????,???

??????????,?,??????

01

??????

??????,????????,??????????????,?????????????????“?”?

??,??????,??????????,??????????????,?,???????????????????????????????????,??????????????“?”?

????????,??,?????????????????,????????

?????,?????????????????,?,??????????????????????,??????????????????????????????

??????1956??????????,????????????????????7??,??,??????????????

??????????,?????

????,1957??????,?????????????BK640??,?,????“????????”??????????????????,?????

“??”?????,??,?????,?,???????,????????????????

??«??»????,???

?????,???

????????????????????50???????60??,?????“?????????????”?

???????????“??????”??????,?????,??????,????

???????????,1959????,?,??????,??????

1960??????????,??????????????????????“??,?”??????,3?????,??500??????,??????????

1963??????,????????1964????????????????,?????????,?????????????

?????????????,??

1976???,?????????????????17??????,???,???????????????,???????????????????“??”,???20????????????????80?90??????

“????”???????????,?????????“????”,?????????,???????,??,??????????????

???????????????,?????????????????????,????

?,????????,?????????“?????1??”??????????????“?????????”?

???1????????????,?????,?????“????”?

2017??????????????,“???????????????”????????????????18?????????,????????,????,??????,????,?1.5?,????????

1???“???????????”?,??????????????,???????????

????????????????????,????????,???,???????

?,?????,????????,????;?,?????????????,????……

????????????????????,???????????????,???????????,?????,?????????

02

??????????????????“??????????????”?????????????????

????«???????????»???????,???

??,????,?????

?????,??,?????“??”??????????????????????,?,????????,???

??,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????,?????

«???????????»?????????,????????????:“??,?????,???????????”?:“?,?,??,???????????,????????????”

???????,?????????????????,?,???????????????????“?,?”,???????????????????

???,??????????(??????????????????)?????????(??????????????????????????)???????????????????????????????

??????????????????????,????,??????

??,?????????

2006????????????????,?IC???????,?IC??????????????????????????,??“?”?

IC????,????????????2013??????????,???????????,???,“??”??300????,????,???????????????????????300??????

??????IC????,?????????????,??IC??,????,???????

2017????,????????????2020??,??“???”,?????,??“?????????”????????,???????????????

????????????????,????????????,????86%,??

????????????????????????,???????,??????,????????????????????????

?????????????????????,????,????????????????????????????????,????????

???????????,??????????????,?????????????????????,??,????????????

???????????????????,???????????????????????????,????????????,???????????????

03

???????

??????226?????????????,???5345???,???5167??????????,????????71??……2021?????,“90?????????????????”???

????“????”???????,??????????????????

????????????,???????????????,???????

??????????,???????????????????

????????????60???????????????????????????,?930?????“??,?????????????,??”

930??1996????????????,??????,????38??,????????,???,???????

930?????,929???????????

929???????????????,?,???????????20??????????????????

????????????,????,????????????????,????????,???????,?236???????????????,?????

?929?????????,???????????,?????????????????“???????????”?

????????????????2020??,???????????,???????????????????????????2022???????,???????(????????????)????????,??????????????????43.9%????????????50.6%?

?????????????,????????????,?????????????

????,???????????,???????

????2017???????????????????????,????,???????,???????????????????

?????“???????????”??

?????????,1924?,??,?,?????,??,????????,????????????

?????????,1935???,???????????????????????,?????????,????????????,?????????,??????,???????????

????,?????,????????

???7?????????????,????????????????,?????????????????????????????,???????????

????,???????????????????????????????????,????????

????,???11??,???????,???1257????????????,???

??????,??,????????????????75?????????

???????????,?“????????”??;??,????????????????;?????,??????

?????????????,???????????????????????

??

??????????????????

????????????????????

????????????? ?????????????????

???????????

??????

?????

??????«????»«??»«???»? ????????????????:????????