?????????????:???????,????“DNA”?

????:????????:?????

????????10????1???????????????(????????????????????)????????10?????????1??????????,??????????,??????????????????,????????????102???????

9????????????????27??,?????,????????????,??????,?????????????,???????????,????

????????????????9???????????????27?????,????????????????????,???(????????????:??????????????????)

???????????,????????????,?????????????????????,?????;??????,??????????????????????,????,??????????????????????

“??????????????????????,?”

?1957?,???????

??,?????????????????,??????????????

????????,?????????,???,???,????????????

????????????????????,???,??????,??????????,??????????????,???????????

1981???????,?????????????????????,????,????????1986???????????

???????????,??????,?????????????“?????????????”,???

“1984??????????,?????????????????,???????????????,?????????????,?????????,????????????:????????????????????,?????,????????????????,???”???????????????

???,???????“?,??????,???,???????????????????????????,?,??????”

??????????????:????? 

????“??????????????????????”???????“?????????”,???????,???“?????????????”??????????“?????????”???????????????,??????????:???????????

“???????????DNA”

??????80?90?????????????????,?????????????????,????????????“55????”,?????????????????????,“55???”????????????,??????????

??????????,???????,???,?????,???

??

1988?????????,??????????“?????????”,???????????????????????,?????????????????????

???,????????????????,?????????“????????????”?????“??”?

??????????,?????????????????“?????????????”(???)?????????

1993???????????????,“55?”????????????????????,??????????????,???????,????,??????????????,????????????

????????????1997????,??????“????”,??????,??????:“???DNA”?

??????????????????????“DNA”??????????????,?????????

2007??????,??????????,???:“???‘?????,??????????????????’,????????????”

2009???????????,?????????,??????

?“???”,????????,?????“??????????????????????”?????

???????????????????????“??????????”???????,????,????????????????????,?????????

2012?,???????????,??????,????????????2018????????,????????,???45%??????????????????“?????????????????”?????,????????,???????

?????????,??,??,??????

??

??????

2013???????5?,???????,“???????”??:“?,????”

????,??????????“???”??????????????“????????????”,???????????

?:???????????

????????????????2002??,?????,??????????????????“????”?

????,?????????,??,?????

???????,??????,?????????,??????????????????????????????????

???????????,???????“?”?????????????,????,?????“????????????????????”,???,?????,?????“?”?????????,????????????

??????????????????,???,????,????????????????????????,????????????????????,??????,????????,??,????,???????????,??????????,????????????

??????:????