????????? ???

2024????????????????8???20???????????,????????????(AS689)???,[1]??????17%-36.3%????????????(????9%)???????2023?????????????????????9??13???????????????“???”?????????????,????,?????????2023??10???????????????????4???????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????“???”????,?????????

?????,????????,??????????????????????,???????“?????????????”(????????????????????????)????,???????????????«????????»??,????????????“???????”???????????????????????????2019?????????«??????????????»?,??,??????????“????????????????”????????2020?????,???????«?????»,?????,?????“???”????,??????,???,???????????

?????????????????“???????”???????????????,??????

?????????????????

(?)????????,?????????????????

1. ?

?????,??????????????????1951??,??????????????(?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)???«??»,?????????????????????“??????”(ECSC),?????????,???,????????????????????????????

1957?????,??«?»?????«???????»????“?”(Euratom),???????????????(????????????????),????,??????????????????????????,??????????????????“????”(EEC),???????????????,????????????????????????????,???????????????????92??????????94?????(state aid),?????[2]

2. ??????????????

1965??????????,?????????????«?»,???????????????,?,???,???????????«?»????

1974???????,??????????????????????«????????1985????»,?????????????????1985??????????50%,???????,??????????[3]

?????????????,?,???????????,?,???????,???????

(??????)??????????????

1980???,?«??????1990????»,???????????,???????[4]?????????????????????????1974????

1986?????????,??«????????????»,[5]??????????,??,???

??????????????????,???,?????????????,???????????????????????

??????????????????

1992??????????,???????«???»(??«???????»),??“????”(EU),??????????????????“???????????????”(EEC)?????????“?????????????????????”(EC),?????«?»??«??»???????

???????????????«?????????????????»???,?????????????,«??»??????????????????130??????,????????

??????,???????????????,????????????????“??”???

(???)????

1995??,?«??»?????,?????????????,???????????????[6]

1997?????????????,???????????«???:???????????????????»???????????????????????????????,[7]???,??????????????????,????????????????????????????

2000??????????,??????«??????????????????????»??,???,?????????????????????????[8]

???????????????,?,????????????

(??????????????????????????)????????

??????????,?????????????????2006??????«?????????????????????»????????????,??????????????????,?????,?????,????????[9]

2007?,???«???????»,??????????????????????«?»??????????????«??????»,??????«??»???????????????????«?????????????»??????????,«?????»???88?4?????,??????,?????????????????????????«?????????»?????????????????“?????”????????,???????????[10]

2010????????,????«????????????2020?????????»,???,???[11]

2011??????????,?????????????????????«2050?????????»,??????2020??????????????????,?????????,???(??????????????)????????????,?????????????????????????[12]

???,??????????,??

???????????????????????????????????“???????”???

???«???????????????????»???107??????,??????????????????,??(?????),?????

?“?????”????????????????????????????????:?????,?????????????,??,??????????????????;?????????????,??????

????????????????2023??????????????????????7???????????????????WTO?????????????????????????????????????,[13]???????????????????????????????????,???“??????????????”?????“???”??????,???????????????????????????,????????2021-2022??????2273.5?????????

???,??“??????????????”????,??????????,????????????????

(????????)????????????????“??”???????????????????????????????

1. ?????????????????“???”?????

2014???,?«2030?????????????»,?????2030??????????????,??????????????,?,????????2030???27%,??????????????????????[14]

2015?,??????????????????????«?»,??????????????“??”,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????“?”????????????????????,???,??????[15]

2018???????????????,??????«????????????»,??2030????32%,??????[16]

?,?????????«???????????????????????»,?????2050????????“????????????????????”?????????????,???????????????????????????“????????????????????????????????????????????”???,???????????????,?????,??????[17]

2. ??????????????«??????»????????«????????????????????»??????????“??????????????”????????

2019??????????,??«?????????????»,??????????????????????????????????,?,???????????????????2030??????????1990????55%???????2050??????“???????????”??????????????????????

??????,???????????“???”?????????????????????????????,??????????????,???“?”????????????????????,«?»???????????:???????????;?????????????????;????,?,????????????????????,?????????????,??????[18]

2020??????????3???,???????????????????????«?????????????????»,??:??????????????;???????????????“????????????????”;???2021?????????????????5????????????????????????[19]??,?,????????????????,????????,?????????,?????????????“?????”(IPCEI)????????,??

2022??????????,?,???????,?????????????“REPowerEU”??????,?????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????,?2030??????????????????????45%,????????????[20]

3. ??????????

2023????????????????,???«???????»,??????«???»,???,????????????“?????????????????”????????[21]

2024?,????«???»??«?????»????????????????????«???????»????

«??»??????????????????????????????[22]????????“??????”????;???????????2030??????,?40%;?“??????????????????”(NZSPs),??????????,??????????????????????????????;???«???????????»??????????????????,?????????

«?»????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????2030????????????????????????,??????????????,??????-?????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????“??”?????

(?????)?????

1. ???????

2018????????????????????????????,?????????????????«??????:???????????????????????????????»,?????????????????????????????????,????,?????,??“???”(electro-mobility,?????????????????????????)?

???????????????????????“????????????????????????”(CEF),???????,????????????????????,?,?,?????????????

2. ???????

2017????????????????,????????????????????“?????”,????,???????,?????????????,??[23]

2018????????????????????????,??????«?»,???????????????????????????????????????,??[24]??????,?:?????;???????,??;???????????,?;?????????????;?(????);??????????????????????

???,?????,??????????????“?????????”??????????????“?”?????,??,????????????????

(?)?????????????

1. ??????????????????

2022????????????????????,?????????«???????»,???????????????????????2025??????????320???????????????(GW)????2030??????600???[25]????,???

????????,??:?????“???????????????????????????”,???????????????????????;?????????????????????;???,??????????????;??????

2. ????????????????

????,??????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:???????????????,???;?,??????;?;??????????????;??

2024???????????????????,????????????????????????????«??????»,???????????????????????????????????????,??????(??????)???????????????????????????????“?????????”?????,??????????????????????????????,???????????????????????

??????????,???,??????????????????“???????????????”?????????????“??????”???????????????????,???,?????????

?????????:??????????????????????????? - ????????????????????????

(???)????????:????“??????????????????”???????????

???????????????2006????????????????,???“?”??????????«??»«??»«????????»?,?,?????????????????????“??????”???????,?????????????????????

????????????????????????,“??????”????????????????????????“???????”????????,???????,???2020???????????????????2??????????????2026????12?????31??,?????????????7230??????,???3380??,3850????????????????????????????????,???????37%????????????2024???????????4???????????????,?????????879????????????????,?????“??????”???25.7%?[26]

“?”(CEF)?«??????????»????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????2021-2027??????????????,????59.4?????????????????????[27]

“?????????”???,??:“?”“???????”?????“????????????????????”?“??”???????,“??”???????????“?????????????????????????????”???????????,“???”????????????[28]“????????”??????????2023?,??????????????????????2021-2022????????????????????2273.5???????????

(??)???????:???????

???“??????????”???????????,?????????“??????????”?????????????????????,?????????????!

??????????????????????????????,????????????????,???????????????????,??????????????????????,??,???[29]

?????8????????20???????,?,?????????????????????,?????????????“?????????????????????????”????????????,??????,????????????????“???????????????????”?????“??????”???????,???,??????????????????????????,????????????????????????,?????“???????????”,??????[30]

???????,???2035???????,?????????????????????????????????,???????????????????(????????)???????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,???????[31]

2024??????8????9?????????,??????????????(WT/DS626???),[32]??????????????????????????????«????????»?????6??«?????????????????????»????????????1???????????2????????????????????????????????10?17??????????????????????????????19????????????????22??????????32??????,???????,??????????????????

(?????)???????????:????????“???????”???

???????????,???????????????,?????????«????»«??????????????»«??????????????»??????????????????????,?“????”????,?????,?“???????????????”???????????????????????????????????????????,??????

?,????????????????????,???????????????,?????????,????????,?“?”??????????????

??????????????????????????????1957???????????????«??»??“?”??????,??«???????????»??????,???????????????????????????,??“?????????????????”???????????????????????

????????????????????,2018??2024????8???????????????????????,?????????????“????????????”??,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????362??(???320???????????????),?????68????????????(???21%),????????61???????????(?????????????????17%)?[33]?????????????????,?,?“?????”?????????

?|??????? ???????????????????? ???????????

???????????

[1]?:

[2]?«????»??298??????51?52???????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]??????????????:???????????????????,2024???????????4???????????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]?????:

[30]???????????????????????????:

[31]

[32]?????????????(WT/DS626????????):

[33] ?????????????:??????????? “?????v”????

?? ??????“????????????”???

??????“????????????”???
??
2024-08-25 07:06:54

????:1??????v:????

2?????24????

3???????

4????????

5????95???

????????? ???

2024????????????????8???20???????????,????????????(AS689)???,[1]??????17%-36.3%????????????(????9%)???????2023?????????????????????9??13???????????????“???”?????????????,????,?????????2023??10???????????????????4???????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????“???”????,?????????

?????,????????,??????????????????????,???????“?????????????”(????????????????????????)????,???????????????«????????»??,????????????“???????”???????????????????????????2019?????????«??????????????»?,??,??????????“????????????????”????????2020?????,???????«?????»,?????,?????“???”????,??????,???,???????????

?????????????????“???????”???????????????,??????

?????????????????

(?)????????,?????????????????

1. ?

?????,??????????????????1951??,??????????????(?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)???«??»,?????????????????????“??????”(ECSC),?????????,???,????????????????????????????

1957?????,??«?»?????«???????»????“?”(Euratom),???????????????(????????????????),????,??????????????????????????,??????????????????“????”(EEC),???????????????,????????????????????????????,???????????????????92??????????94?????(state aid),?????[2]

2. ??????????????

1965??????????,?????????????«?»,???????????????,?,???,???????????«?»????

1974???????,??????????????????????«????????1985????»,?????????????????1985??????????50%,???????,??????????[3]

?????????????,?,???????????,?,???????,???????

(??????)??????????????

1980???,?«??????1990????»,???????????,???????[4]?????????????????????????1974????

1986?????????,??«????????????»,[5]??????????,??,???

??????????????????,???,?????????????,???????????????????????

??????????????????

1992??????????,???????«???»(??«???????»),??“????”(EU),??????????????????“???????????????”(EEC)?????????“?????????????????????”(EC),?????«?»??«??»???????

???????????????«?????????????????»???,?????????????,«??»??????????????????130??????,????????

??????,???????????????,????????????????“??”???

(???)????

1995??,?«??»?????,?????????????,???????????????[6]

1997?????????????,???????????«???:???????????????????»???????????????????????????????,[7]???,??????????????????,????????????????????????????

2000??????????,??????«??????????????????????»??,???,?????????????????????????[8]

???????????????,?,????????????

(??????????????????????????)????????

??????????,?????????????????2006??????«?????????????????????»????????????,??????????????????,?????,?????,????????[9]

2007?,???«???????»,??????????????????????«?»??????????????«??????»,??????«??»???????????????????«?????????????»??????????,«?????»???88?4?????,??????,?????????????????????????«?????????»?????????????????“?????”????????,???????????[10]

2010????????,????«????????????2020?????????»,???,???[11]

2011??????????,?????????????????????«2050?????????»,??????2020??????????????????,?????????,???(??????????????)????????????,?????????????????????????[12]

???,??????????,??

???????????????????????????????????“???????”???

???«???????????????????»???107??????,??????????????????,??(?????),?????

?“?????”????????????????????????????????:?????,?????????????,??,??????????????????;?????????????,??????

????????????????2023??????????????????????7???????????????????WTO?????????????????????????????????????,[13]???????????????????????????????????,???“??????????????”?????“???”??????,???????????????????????????,????????2021-2022??????2273.5?????????

???,??“??????????????”????,??????????,????????????????

(????????)????????????????“??”???????????????????????????????

1. ?????????????????“???”?????

2014???,?«2030?????????????»,?????2030??????????????,??????????????,?,????????2030???27%,??????????????????????[14]

2015?,??????????????????????«?»,??????????????“??”,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????“?”????????????????????,???,??????[15]

2018???????????????,??????«????????????»,??2030????32%,??????[16]

?,?????????«???????????????????????»,?????2050????????“????????????????????”?????????????,???????????????????????????“????????????????????????????????????????????”???,???????????????,?????,??????[17]

2. ??????????????«??????»????????«????????????????????»??????????“??????????????”????????

2019??????????,??«?????????????»,??????????????????????????????????,?,???????????????????2030??????????1990????55%???????2050??????“???????????”??????????????????????

??????,???????????“???”?????????????????????????????,??????????????,???“?”????????????????????,«?»???????????:???????????;?????????????????;????,?,????????????????????,?????????????,??????[18]

2020??????????3???,???????????????????????«?????????????????»,??:??????????????;???????????????“????????????????”;???2021?????????????????5????????????????????????[19]??,?,????????????????,????????,?????????,?????????????“?????”(IPCEI)????????,??

2022??????????,?,???????,?????????????“REPowerEU”??????,?????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????,?2030??????????????????????45%,????????????[20]

3. ??????????

2023????????????????,???«???????»,??????«???»,???,????????????“?????????????????”????????[21]

2024?,????«???»??«?????»????????????????????«???????»????

«??»??????????????????????????????[22]????????“??????”????;???????????2030??????,?40%;?“??????????????????”(NZSPs),??????????,??????????????????????????????;???«???????????»??????????????????,?????????

«?»????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????2030????????????????????????,??????????????,??????-?????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????“??”?????

(?????)?????

1. ???????

2018????????????????????????????,?????????????????«??????:???????????????????????????????»,?????????????????????????????????,????,?????,??“???”(electro-mobility,?????????????????????????)?

???????????????????????“????????????????????????”(CEF),???????,????????????????????,?,?,?????????????

2. ???????

2017????????????????,????????????????????“?????”,????,???????,?????????????,??[23]

2018????????????????????????,??????«?»,???????????????????????????????????????,??[24]??????,?:?????;???????,??;???????????,?;?????????????;?(????);??????????????????????

???,?????,??????????????“?????????”??????????????“?”?????,??,????????????????

(?)?????????????

1. ??????????????????

2022????????????????????,?????????«???????»,???????????????????????2025??????????320???????????????(GW)????2030??????600???[25]????,???

????????,??:?????“???????????????????????????”,???????????????????????;?????????????????????;???,??????????????;??????

2. ????????????????

????,??????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:???????????????,???;?,??????;?;??????????????;??

2024???????????????????,????????????????????????????«??????»,???????????????????????????????????????,??????(??????)???????????????????????????????“?????????”?????,??????????????????????????????,???????????????????????

??????????,???,??????????????????“???????????????”?????????????“??????”???????????????????,???,?????????

?????????:??????????????????????????? - ????????????????????????

(???)????????:????“??????????????????”???????????

???????????????2006????????????????,???“?”??????????«??»«??»«????????»?,?,?????????????????????“??????”???????,?????????????????????

????????????????????????,“??????”????????????????????????“???????”????????,???????,???2020???????????????????2??????????????2026????12?????31??,?????????????7230??????,???3380??,3850????????????????????????????????,???????37%????????????2024???????????4???????????????,?????????879????????????????,?????“??????”???25.7%?[26]

“?”(CEF)?«??????????»????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????2021-2027??????????????,????59.4?????????????????????[27]

“?????????”???,??:“?”“???????”?????“????????????????????”?“??”???????,“??”???????????“?????????????????????????????”???????????,“???”????????????[28]“????????”??????????2023?,??????????????????????2021-2022????????????????????2273.5???????????

(??)???????:???????

???“??????????”???????????,?????????“??????????”?????????????????????,?????????????!

??????????????????????????????,????????????????,???????????????????,??????????????????????,??,???[29]

?????8????????20???????,?,?????????????????????,?????????????“?????????????????????????”????????????,??????,????????????????“???????????????????”?????“??????”???????,???,??????????????????????????,????????????????????????,?????“???????????”,??????[30]

???????,???2035???????,?????????????????????????????????,???????????????????(????????)???????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,???????[31]

2024??????8????9?????????,??????????????(WT/DS626???),[32]??????????????????????????????«????????»?????6??«?????????????????????»????????????1???????????2????????????????????????????????10?17??????????????????????????????19????????????????22??????????32??????,???????,??????????????????

(?????)???????????:????????“???????”???

???????????,???????????????,?????????«????»«??????????????»«??????????????»??????????????????????,?“????”????,?????,?“???????????????”???????????????????????????????????????????,??????

?,????????????????????,???????????????,?????????,????????,?“?”??????????????

??????????????????????????????1957???????????????«??»??“?”??????,??«???????????»??????,???????????????????????????,??“?????????????????”???????????????????????

????????????????????,2018??2024????8???????????????????????,?????????????“????????????”??,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????362??(???320???????????????),?????68????????????(???21%),????????61???????????(?????????????????17%)?[33]?????????????????,?,?“?????”?????????

?|??????? ???????????????????? ???????????

???????????

[1]?:

[2]?«????»??298??????51?52???????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]??????????????:???????????????????,2024???????????4???????????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

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