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2024????????????????8???20???????????,????????????(AS689)???,[1]??????17%-36.3%????????????(????9%)???????2023?????????????????????9??13???????????????????????????????,????,?????????2023??10???????????????????4???????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????,?????????
?????,????????,??????????????????????,????????????????????(????????????????????????)????,???????????????«????????»??,??????????????????????????????????????????????2019?????????«??????????????»?,??,??????????????????????????????????2020?????,???????«?????»,?????,????????????,??????,???,???????????
???????????????????????????????????????,??????
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(?)????????,?????????????????
1. ?
?????,??????????????????1951??,??????????????(?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)???«??»,???????????????????????????(ECSC),?????????,???,????????????????????????????
1957?????,??«?»?????«???????»?????(Euratom),???????????????(????????????????),????,??????????????????????????,??????????????????????(EEC),???????????????,????????????????????????????,???????????????????92??????????94?????(state aid),?????[2]
2. ??????????????
1965??????????,?????????????«?»,???????????????,?,???,???????????«?»????
1974???????,??????????????????????«????????1985????»,?????????????????1985??????????50%,???????,??????????[3]
?????????????,?,???????????,?,???????,???????
(??????)??????????????
1980???,?«??????1990????»,???????????,???????[4]?????????????????????????1974????
1986?????????,??«????????????»,[5]??????????,??,???
??????????????????,???,?????????????,???????????????????????
??????????????????
1992??????????,???????«???»(??«???????»),??????(EU),?????????????????????????????????(EEC)??????????????????????????????(EC),?????«?»??«??»???????
???????????????«?????????????????»???,?????????????,«??»??????????????????130??????,????????
??????,???????????????,?????????????????????
(???)????
1995??,?«??»?????,?????????????,???????????????[6]
1997?????????????,???????????«???:???????????????????»???????????????????????????????,[7]???,??????????????????,????????????????????????????
2000??????????,??????«??????????????????????»??,???,?????????????????????????[8]
???????????????,?,????????????
(??????????????????????????)????????
??????????,?????????????????2006??????«?????????????????????»????????????,??????????????????,?????,?????,????????[9]
2007?,???«???????»,??????????????????????«?»??????????????«??????»,??????«??»???????????????????«?????????????»??????????,«?????»???88?4?????,??????,?????????????????????????«?????????»??????????????????????????????,???????????[10]
2010????????,????«????????????2020?????????»,???,???[11]
2011??????????,?????????????????????«2050?????????»,??????2020??????????????????,?????????,???(??????????????)????????????,?????????????????????????[12]
???,??????????,??
?????????????????????????????????????????????
???«???????????????????»???107??????,??????????????????,??(?????),?????
??????????????????????????????????????:?????,?????????????,??,??????????????????;?????????????,??????
????????????????2023??????????????????????7???????????????????WTO?????????????????????????????????????,[13]???????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????,????????2021-2022??????2273.5?????????
???,????????????????????,??????????,????????????????
(????????)?????????????????????????????????????????????????
1. ?????????????????????????
2014???,?«2030?????????????»,?????2030??????????????,??????????????,?,????????2030???27%,??????????????????????[14]
2015?,??????????????????????«?»,????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????,???,??????[15]
2018???????????????,??????«????????????»,??2030????32%,??????[16]
?,?????????«???????????????????????»,?????2050?????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????,?????,??????[17]
2. ??????????????«??????»????????«????????????????????»????????????????????????????????
2019??????????,??«?????????????»,??????????????????????????????????,?,???????????????????2030??????????1990????55%???????2050???????????????????????????????????????
??????,???????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????,????????????????????????,«?»???????????:???????????;?????????????????;????,?,????????????????????,?????????????,??????[18]
2020??????????3???,???????????????????????«?????????????????»,??:??????????????;???????????????????????????????;???2021?????????????????5????????????????????????[19]??,?,????????????????,????????,?????????,??????????????????(IPCEI)????????,??
2022??????????,?,???????,?????????????REPowerEU??????,?????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????,?2030??????????????????????45%,????????????[20]
3. ??????????
2023????????????????,???«???????»,??????«???»,???,?????????????????????????????????????[21]
2024?,????«???»??«?????»????????????????????«???????»????
«??»??????????????????????????????[22]??????????????????;???????????2030??????,?40%;???????????????????(NZSPs),??????????,??????????????????????????????;???«???????????»??????????????????,?????????
«?»????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????2030????????????????????????,??????????????,??????-?????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????
(?????)?????
1. ???????
2018????????????????????????????,?????????????????«??????:???????????????????????????????»,?????????????????????????????????,????,?????,?????(electro-mobility,?????????????????????????)?
???????????????????????????????????????????????(CEF),???????,????????????????????,?,?,?????????????
2. ???????
2017????????????????,?????????????????????????,????,???????,?????????????,??[23]
2018????????????????????????,??????«?»,???????????????????????????????????????,??[24]??????,?:?????;???????,??;???????????,?;?????????????;?(????);??????????????????????
???,?????,???????????????????????????????????????????,??,????????????????
(?)?????????????
1. ??????????????????
2022????????????????????,?????????«???????»,???????????????????????2025??????????320???????????????(GW)????2030??????600???[25]????,???
????????,??:????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????;?????????????????????;???,??????????????;??????
2. ????????????????
????,??????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:???????????????,???;?,??????;?;??????????????;??
2024???????????????????,????????????????????????????«??????»,???????????????????????????????????????,??????(??????)?????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,???????????????????????
??????????,???,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???,?????????
?????????:??????????????????????????? - ????????????????????????
(???)????????:?????????????????????????????????
???????????????2006????????????????,??????????????«??»«??»«????????»?,?,??????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????
????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????,???????,???2020???????????????????2??????????????2026????12?????31??,?????????????7230??????,???3380??,3850????????????????????????????????,???????37%????????????2024???????????4???????????????,?????????879????????????????,??????????????25.7%?[26]
?(CEF)?«??????????»????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????2021-2027??????????????,????59.4?????????????????????[27]
????????????,??:???????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????[28]??????????????????2023?,??????????????????????2021-2022????????????????????2273.5???????????
(??)???????:???????
????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????!
??????????????????????????????,????????????????,???????????????????,??????????????????????,??,???[29]
?????8????????20???????,?,?????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???,??????????????????????????,????????????????????????,????????????????,??????[30]
???????,???2035???????,?????????????????????????????????,???????????????????(????????)???????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,???????[31]
2024??????8????9?????????,??????????????(WT/DS626???),[32]??????????????????????????????«????????»?????6??«?????????????????????»????????????1???????????2????????????????????????????????10?17??????????????????????????????19????????????????22??????????32??????,???????,??????????????????
(?????)???????????:??????????????????
???????????,???????????????,?????????«????»«??????????????»«??????????????»??????????????????????,?????????,?????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????
?,????????????????????,???????????????,?????????,????????,????????????????
??????????????????????????????1957???????????????«??»?????????,??«???????????»??????,???????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????,2018??2024????8???????????????????????,???????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????362??(???320???????????????),?????68????????????(???21%),????????61???????????(?????????????????17%)?[33]?????????????????,?,???????????????
?|??????? ???????????????????? ???????????
???????????
[1]?:
[2]?«????»??298??????51?52???????
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]??????????????:???????????????????,2024???????????4???????????
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]?????:
[30]???????????????????????????:
[31]
[32]?????????????(WT/DS626????????):
[33] ?????????????:???????????