????????? ?????????????????

2024??8?20?,?????????(AS689)?????,[1]?????????17%-36.3%??????(????????9%)????????2023?????9??13???????????????“???????”???,????,???2023????????????????????????????????10??????????????4???????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????“???????????”?????,????

?????????????????????,??????,?????????????????????????,?“?????”(????????????????????????)????,?????????????????«?»?????,???????????????????“??”?????????????????????????2019????????«??????????»????????,??,?????????????“????”??2020?????,???«???»,??????????????????????,?????????“?”???,??????????????????????????????,??????,???

????“???”???,?????????????????

????????????????????????????

(??????)??,?????

1. ??????

??,????????????????1951???????,????????????(???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)????«????????????????»,?“??????????????”(ECSC),?,???????,????????????????????????

1957???,????????????????????????«????????????????????»????????????????«????????»??“??”(Euratom),????????????????(????????????????????????),?,?????,?????????????????????????????????????“?????”(EEC),???,?????????????????????????????,????????????????????92???94????????????????????????(state aid),??????[2]

2. ??????????????

1965?,??????????????????????????????«?????»,????????,???,??????,?????«???????»???

1974???,??????«????????????1985????????????????????»,?1985????????50%,?????????????,???[3]

?,??????,???????????????????????????,?,??????????????????,????????

(????)???????????????????

1980?????????????????,???«??1990???»,??????????????????????,??[4]??1974?????????????

1986???,??«??????»,[5]????????????????????????,????,??????????????????????????????

?????????????????????,??,?????????????????,???

??????????????????

1992?,??????????????????????«???????????????????????????????????»(?«???»),????“??????????”(EU),??????????“???????”(EEC)???????????????“??”(EC),?????«????????»????????????«??»????????????????

?????«????»????????????,????????????????,«???»?????????130??????,?????????

??????,???????????????????,???“???”??????????

(????????)???????????

1995?????????????????????,????????«???????»?????????????????????,??????,????????????[6]

1997???,??????«??:??????»?,[7]?????????,?,????????????????

2000??????????????,???«????»??????,????????,?????????[8]

?????,??????????????,????????

(??)?????????????

?????,????2006???????????????????«???????????????????»?????????,???,?,???????????????,??????[9]

2007???????????,??«???»,???«????????????»?????«????????»,??????«??????????????»?«?????»????????,«?»??????????????88?4???,????????????????????,????????«???????????????»???“??????”??????,??????????????????????????[10]

2010????????,????????????«?2020?????????????»,????????,??[11]

2011?????????????,??????????????«2050?»,????????2020???????????,?,??????(???????????????????)?????????????????????????,????????[12]

?????,????????????,???????????????

????????????????????“?”??????????????????????????????

????????«????»??????107????,????????????????????,?????????????(??????????????),??????????????

??“??????????”???????:????????,??,?????????????????????,???;???????????????????,???????????????????

?2023?7??????????WTO?,[13]???????????????????????????,??????????????????????“??????”?“???????”?????????????,?????????????????,??2021-2022?????2273.5?????????

?????,??“??????????????”???,????????????????,???????????

(????)??????????????????“?????”????????????????????

1. ???“??”????????????????????

2014???????????????????????,???????????????«2030???????????????»,???????????????2030????????????????????????,?????????????,?????????????,???????????2030?????27%,??????????????????????????????????[14]

2015?????,???????????????«???»,??????????????“???”,?????????????????????,???????????????“??”???????,???????????????????????????????,???????[15]

2018???????????,???????«?????????????????????»,??????2030????32%,????[16]

????,???«???????????????????????????????»,??????2050?????“???????????????”???????????????,???????“?????????????????????????????????????????????????????”???????,????????,???,??????[17]

2. ????«??????????????»????????????????????????«????»??????????????????“???????”??????????????????

2019?????,??????«???????????????????»,?????????????,????????????????,??????????????????????2030????1990?????????????????????55%???????????????2050??????????????????????????“???????????????????????”??????????????????????

???????????,???????“??”?????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????“?????”??????????????????,«??????»???:?????????????????;???????;?????????????,??????,?????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????,?????????????????[18]

2020?????????3?,???????«???»,?????:??????;?????????????????????“???”;????2021?????5????????????[19]?????????,??????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????,????????????????????,??????“?????????”(IPCEI)?,??????

2022???????,?????,??????????,????????“REPowerEU”?,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????,?2030????????????????????45%,????????????????????????[20]

3. ????????????????

2023???,??????????«??»,?????????«??»,???,????????“???????”???????????????[21]

2024??????????,????????????«??????»??????«?????????????????????»????????????????????????«?????»???????????????????

«??????»????????????????[22]??????????“????????????????”???????????????;?2030????????,?????????????40%;?????????????????“??????”(NZSPs),??,???????????;?«???????????????????»???,?????????

«?????????????»??,?????????2030????????????????????,??????,????????????-?????????????????????????????????????????????????,???“?????????????????”????????????

(??????????????????????)???

1. ??????????

2018???????????,??«??????????:?????????????????????????????????????»,???????,?,???????????,????????????????????????????“???????”(electro-mobility,?????????????????????????????????????????????)?

????????“???”(CEF),??????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?,????????????,???????

2. ?????

2017??????????????,?????????????????????????????“??????????????”,????????????????????,?????,?,????[23]

2018????????????????,??«?????????????????????»,?????????????????????????,???????????????????[24]?????????????????,???????????????:??????;??????????,??????????;??,?;??;???(?????????????);??????

??????????????,??????????,?????????????????????“???????????”???????????????????????“????”????????,???????????,?????????????????????????

(??)????????

1. ??

2022??????????,??«??????????»,???????????2025??????????320???(GW)??2030???????????????600????????????[25]???????????,???

??????????,??????:???????“?????????????????”,?;???;?????,?????;???

2. ?????????????????????????????????

????,????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:???????????????,??????????;???,????????;???;??????;??

2024???,????????????????????????????????«?»,???????????????????????????,??????(???????)???????????????????????????????????????“?”?,???????,???

?,?????????????????,????????“??????”??????“????”?????,???????,?????

?????????????:? - ?????????????????????????

(??????????????????????)??:???“???”?????????

???????2006???????,??????????“??????????”???????«??»«????????????»«??????????????»?????????,??????,???“?????????”????????,?????

?????????,“?????”??????????????????????“??????”?????,????????????,?????????????????2020?????????2??????????????????????????????2026???12????????????????????31???????????????,?7230??????,???????????3380????????????????,3850?????????????,????????????????37%??????????????2024?4??????????????,??879??????????????????,????????????????????????“???????????????????????????”????????????????????25.7%?[26]

“???????”(CEF)????????????????????????«?»???????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????2021-2027??,?59.4????????[27]

“????????????????????????”?????????????????,????????????????????????:“?????????”“??????????”???????“???????????????????????????”?“????????????”?,“???”???????????????“?????????????”?????,“?”??????????????[28]“???????”?????????????????????????????????2023?????,???????2021-2022???????2273.5???

(?)?:???????????????????????

?????????????????“???????”???,?“?????????”???????,?????????????!

?????????????????,??????,?,???????????????,????,?????[29]

????8???????20???????????,??????,???,??????????“????????????????????????????????”???????????,???????,??????????????“?”???“???”????????,?,?????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,???????????“??????????????”,???[30]

??,??2035?,???,????????????????(???)?????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????,???[31]

2024?????8??????9???????????????,?(WT/DS626???),[32]????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«???»??????6?????????????????????«????»????????????????????????1?2?????????????????10??17?????19???????????????22??????32???????????,??,?????

(?????????)??:????“?????????????????”???????

?????????????????,?????????????????????????????????,?«?????»«?»«???»??,?????“??????”?????????,??????????????????????????,??????????????????????????“?????????????”???????????,?????????????????

????,???????????????,????????????,?????????????,????????,??????????????“???”??????

????????????1957??«????»????????????????????“??????”???,?????«?????»??????????????????,?????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????“?????”????

?????,2018?2024?????????????8??????????????,???????????“??????”???????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????362?????(?????320???),???????????????????68????????(???????????????????21%),?????????61??????????????????????????????(?17%)?[33]???,???,???????“??”???

??????????|????????????? ? ???????????

?

[1]??:

[2]??????????????????«???????????»???????????????????????????298??????????51??????????????????52????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]?????:??????????????,2024???????????4???????????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]?????????????????????:

[30]????????????:

[31]

[32]?????????(WT/DS626????????????????????):

[33] ????????????:?????? ??“?????????????”????

?? ???“????????????”??????

???“????????????”??????
??
2024-08-26 08:41:22

????:1??????????????:??????

2?????98???

3????????????

4??????

5?????

????????? ?????????????????

2024??8?20?,?????????(AS689)?????,[1]?????????17%-36.3%??????(????????9%)????????2023?????9??13???????????????“???????”???,????,???2023????????????????????????????????10??????????????4???????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????“???????????”?????,????

?????????????????????,??????,?????????????????????????,?“?????”(????????????????????????)????,?????????????????«?»?????,???????????????????“??”?????????????????????????2019????????«??????????»????????,??,?????????????“????”??2020?????,???«???»,??????????????????????,?????????“?”???,??????????????????????????????,??????,???

????“???”???,?????????????????

????????????????????????????

(??????)??,?????

1. ??????

??,????????????????1951???????,????????????(???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)????«????????????????»,?“??????????????”(ECSC),?,???????,????????????????????????

1957???,????????????????????????«????????????????????»????????????????«????????»??“??”(Euratom),????????????????(????????????????????????),?,?????,?????????????????????????????????????“?????”(EEC),???,?????????????????????????????,????????????????????92???94????????????????????????(state aid),??????[2]

2. ??????????????

1965?,??????????????????????????????«?????»,????????,???,??????,?????«???????»???

1974???,??????«????????????1985????????????????????»,?1985????????50%,?????????????,???[3]

?,??????,???????????????????????????,?,??????????????????,????????

(????)???????????????????

1980?????????????????,???«??1990???»,??????????????????????,??[4]??1974?????????????

1986???,??«??????»,[5]????????????????????????,????,??????????????????????????????

?????????????????????,??,?????????????????,???

??????????????????

1992?,??????????????????????«???????????????????????????????????»(?«???»),????“??????????”(EU),??????????“???????”(EEC)???????????????“??”(EC),?????«????????»????????????«??»????????????????

?????«????»????????????,????????????????,«???»?????????130??????,?????????

??????,???????????????????,???“???”??????????

(????????)???????????

1995?????????????????????,????????«???????»?????????????????????,??????,????????????[6]

1997???,??????«??:??????»?,[7]?????????,?,????????????????

2000??????????????,???«????»??????,????????,?????????[8]

?????,??????????????,????????

(??)?????????????

?????,????2006???????????????????«???????????????????»?????????,???,?,???????????????,??????[9]

2007???????????,??«???»,???«????????????»?????«????????»,??????«??????????????»?«?????»????????,«?»??????????????88?4???,????????????????????,????????«???????????????»???“??????”??????,??????????????????????????[10]

2010????????,????????????«?2020?????????????»,????????,??[11]

2011?????????????,??????????????«2050?»,????????2020???????????,?,??????(???????????????????)?????????????????????????,????????[12]

?????,????????????,???????????????

????????????????????“?”??????????????????????????????

????????«????»??????107????,????????????????????,?????????????(??????????????),??????????????

??“??????????”???????:????????,??,?????????????????????,???;???????????????????,???????????????????

?2023?7??????????WTO?,[13]???????????????????????????,??????????????????????“??????”?“???????”?????????????,?????????????????,??2021-2022?????2273.5?????????

?????,??“??????????????”???,????????????????,???????????

(????)??????????????????“?????”????????????????????

1. ???“??”????????????????????

2014???????????????????????,???????????????«2030???????????????»,???????????????2030????????????????????????,?????????????,?????????????,???????????2030?????27%,??????????????????????????????????[14]

2015?????,???????????????«???»,??????????????“???”,?????????????????????,???????????????“??”???????,???????????????????????????????,???????[15]

2018???????????,???????«?????????????????????»,??????2030????32%,????[16]

????,???«???????????????????????????????»,??????2050?????“???????????????”???????????????,???????“?????????????????????????????????????????????????????”???????,????????,???,??????[17]

2. ????«??????????????»????????????????????????«????»??????????????????“???????”??????????????????

2019?????,??????«???????????????????»,?????????????,????????????????,??????????????????????2030????1990?????????????????????55%???????????????2050??????????????????????????“???????????????????????”??????????????????????

???????????,???????“??”?????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????“?????”??????????????????,«??????»???:?????????????????;???????;?????????????,??????,?????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????,?????????????????[18]

2020?????????3?,???????«???»,?????:??????;?????????????????????“???”;????2021?????5????????????[19]?????????,??????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????,????????????????????,??????“?????????”(IPCEI)?,??????

2022???????,?????,??????????,????????“REPowerEU”?,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????,?2030????????????????????45%,????????????????????????[20]

3. ????????????????

2023???,??????????«??»,?????????«??»,???,????????“???????”???????????????[21]

2024??????????,????????????«??????»??????«?????????????????????»????????????????????????«?????»???????????????????

«??????»????????????????[22]??????????“????????????????”???????????????;?2030????????,?????????????40%;?????????????????“??????”(NZSPs),??,???????????;?«???????????????????»???,?????????

«?????????????»??,?????????2030????????????????????,??????,????????????-?????????????????????????????????????????????????,???“?????????????????”????????????

(??????????????????????)???

1. ??????????

2018???????????,??«??????????:?????????????????????????????????????»,???????,?,???????????,????????????????????????????“???????”(electro-mobility,?????????????????????????????????????????????)?

????????“???”(CEF),??????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?,????????????,???????

2. ?????

2017??????????????,?????????????????????????????“??????????????”,????????????????????,?????,?,????[23]

2018????????????????,??«?????????????????????»,?????????????????????????,???????????????????[24]?????????????????,???????????????:??????;??????????,??????????;??,?;??;???(?????????????);??????

??????????????,??????????,?????????????????????“???????????”???????????????????????“????”????????,???????????,?????????????????????????

(??)????????

1. ??

2022??????????,??«??????????»,???????????2025??????????320???(GW)??2030???????????????600????????????[25]???????????,???

??????????,??????:???????“?????????????????”,?;???;?????,?????;???

2. ?????????????????????????????????

????,????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:???????????????,??????????;???,????????;???;??????;??

2024???,????????????????????????????????«?»,???????????????????????????,??????(???????)???????????????????????????????????????“?”?,???????,???

?,?????????????????,????????“??????”??????“????”?????,???????,?????

?????????????:? - ?????????????????????????

(??????????????????????)??:???“???”?????????

???????2006???????,??????????“??????????”???????«??»«????????????»«??????????????»?????????,??????,???“?????????”????????,?????

?????????,“?????”??????????????????????“??????”?????,????????????,?????????????????2020?????????2??????????????????????????????2026???12????????????????????31???????????????,?7230??????,???????????3380????????????????,3850?????????????,????????????????37%??????????????2024?4??????????????,??879??????????????????,????????????????????????“???????????????????????????”????????????????????25.7%?[26]

“???????”(CEF)????????????????????????«?»???????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????2021-2027??,?59.4????????[27]

“????????????????????????”?????????????????,????????????????????????:“?????????”“??????????”???????“???????????????????????????”?“????????????”?,“???”???????????????“?????????????”?????,“?”??????????????[28]“???????”?????????????????????????????????2023?????,???????2021-2022???????2273.5???

(?)?:???????????????????????

?????????????????“???????”???,?“?????????”???????,?????????????!

?????????????????,??????,?,???????????????,????,?????[29]

????8???????20???????????,??????,???,??????????“????????????????????????????????”???????????,???????,??????????????“?”???“???”????????,?,?????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,???????????“??????????????”,???[30]

??,??2035?,???,????????????????(???)?????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????,???[31]

2024?????8??????9???????????????,?(WT/DS626???),[32]????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«???»??????6?????????????????????«????»????????????????????????1?2?????????????????10??17?????19???????????????22??????32???????????,??,?????

(?????????)??:????“?????????????????”???????

?????????????????,?????????????????????????????????,?«?????»«?»«???»??,?????“??????”?????????,??????????????????????????,??????????????????????????“?????????????”???????????,?????????????????

????,???????????????,????????????,?????????????,????????,??????????????“???”??????

????????????1957??«????»????????????????????“??????”???,?????«?????»??????????????????,?????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????“?????”????

?????,2018?2024?????????????8??????????????,???????????“??????”???????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????362?????(?????320???),???????????????????68????????(???????????????????21%),?????????61??????????????????????????????(?17%)?[33]???,???,???????“??”???

??????????|????????????? ? ???????????

?

[1]??:

[2]??????????????????«???????????»???????????????????????????298??????????51??????????????????52????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]?????:??????????????,2024???????????4???????????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

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