??????“???”????????????

????:???:???bz??

?? ??????

2024???8????????20??????????????,??(AS689)?,[1]??????????????17%-36.3%??????????????(????????????????????9%)????????????????2023??????????9????????13?????????????????????“???”???????????,????,???2023???????10????????????4????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??“?????”??????,??

?????,?????????????????,????????????????????,????????????“????????????????????????????”(??????????????)???,??????????????????????????«??»???,???????????????????“???????”????????????????????????????????????????2019?????«????»?????????,????????,???“???????????????”????????????????2020???????????????,????????????????«?????»,??????????????????????????????????,????“???????????”?,?????????????,??,??????

?????“?????????????”??,????

????????????????????

(?)???????,??

1. ????????????????

???????????????????,?????1951???????????????????????????????,????????????(?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)?«?»,?“??????”(ECSC),???????,?????????????,?????????????????????????

1957????????????????,???????????????«???»?«????????»????????“??”(Euratom),?(???????????????),???????,??,????????????“??”(EEC),????????????????,?????????????,???????????????????92?????94????????????(state aid),????[2]

2. ?????

1965?????,??????????????????????????????«???????????»,????,??????,?????????????????,??????????????«?????»????

1974???????????????????,????????????????????????«??1985???????????»,???????????1985???????????50%,??????,????[3]

??????,????????????????,??????,???????????,????,??????

(?????????)??????

1980???????,?????????????????????????«????????????1990???»,??????????,????????????[4]????1974???????????????????????

1986???????,????«???????»,[5]???????,????,????????????

???,??????????????????????????,?????,??

??????????

1992??,???«?????????»(?«??»),?“????????????????????????????????”(EU),??????“????????????”(EEC)?“??”(EC),?????«????????????????????????»?????????????«?????»?????

????????????????????«??????»?????,????????????????,«????»?????????????????130??,?????

????????,??????????,??????“??????????????????????”???????????????

(???)?????????

1995???????,???????????«??????????»????????????????,?????????????????????????,???[6]

1997?????????????,???«??:?????????»???,[7]??,???????????,???????????????????????????

2000??????????????????,????????«??????????»?,????????????????????????,??????[8]

?????????,????????????????????,?????????

(?????????)???????

?,????????2006??«????????????????????????????????????»?????????????,????,???,???????,????????[9]

2007??????????????,?«?????????»,???????«????????????????????????»?????????«??????????????»,?????????????????????«??»?????????????????????????????????????«???»???????????????????????,«???????»?88??????4???,?????,???????????«??»?????????????????????“?”??,??????????????????[10]

2010?,?????????«???2020??»,????,?????????????????????[11]

2011??????,??«2050????»,?2020???????,????,?(??????????????????????)???????????????????????,????????????????????[12]

???,???,?????

????“?”???????

???«????»??107?,????????,???????(????????????????),??????????????????

?????“???????”???????????????????:????????????,????,????????????,??;??????????????,???????

???2023????????????7??????????????WTO???????????????????,[13]??????????????????,??????“?????????”???“???”???????,????????????,??2021-2022?????????2273.5??????????

??,??????????????????????????????“?”???,??????,??????

(?????)???????????????????“????”????

1. ???“??????????”??

2014????????????????????????,?????????????????????«2030?????????»,?????????????2030????????????,????,???????????????,???????2030?27%,?????????????????????[14]

2015?????????????????,??«?????»,?????“??????????????????????????”,???????????????????????????????,?????“???”?????????????????????,?,???[15]

2018???????,?????«?????»,???????????????2030??????????32%,??????????[16]

????????????,????????????????«???????????????????????????????????»,???????2050???????“????”??????????????????????,?“????????????????????”??????????,?????????????????????,????????????????????,?????????[17]

2. ??????????«????????????»??«??????????»??????????????????????“??????”????????????????

2019???,???????«?????????????????????»,??????????????,???????????,?????2030??????1990?55%???2050??????“?????????????????”??????

?,??“????????????????????”??????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????,??????“?????????????????”?????????,«??»??????????????:?????????;?????????????????;???,???????????????????????????,?????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????,????[18]

2020?????3???????,??????????????????????????????«????????»,?:?????????????????;????“????????????”;??2021????????5????????????????????????????[19]????????,?????????????,??????????????,???????????????????????,??????,?“????”(IPCEI)???????????????,??????????????????

2022??,????????,?????,????????“REPowerEU”????????????,?????????????????,??????????????????????????,??????????2030???45%,??????[20]

3. ?????

2023????,???????????«????????»,?????«??????????????????????»,?????????,??????“??????????”????????????????????????[21]

2024????????????????????????,??«????»???????????????«??????????????»????????«????????????????????»??

«??????????????»??????????[22]??????“??????”????????????????;??????????????????2030?,???????40%;?????????????“??”(NZSPs),???????????,??;?????«?»??????????,??????????????????

«?????»????,???2030??????????????????????,???,??????????-?????????????????????,?????????????“?”?????????????????????????????????

(???)????????????

1. ???

2018????,??????????«??????????????????????????????:????????????»,???????????????????????,????????????????????,?,????“??????????”(electro-mobility,?????????????????????????)?

?????“??????????????????”(CEF),???????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????,??????,???????????

2. ?????????????????????????????

2017????????,?????“???????????”,??????????????,?,??????????????,?????????????????????????[23]

2018??????,?????????????????«???????»,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???[24]???????,???????????????:?????????????????????????????;???????????????????????,??????;???,?;???;?????????????(????????????);??????

???,??????,????????????????????????????????“??????????????????”?????????????????????????????“?????????”??????????????,?????????????,???????

(???????)????

1. ???????????????????????

2022?????????????,?«????»,????????????????????????2025??????????????????????320???(GW)??2030?????????????????????600????????[25]???,????

???,???:??????“???”,??????????????????????;??????;???????????,?????????????;???

2. ???????????????

?????????????,?,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:????????????,?????;???,?;?????;????????????;????

2024??????,??????????????????????«???????»,??????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????(??????)?????????“??????????????????”???????????,?,????

???,???????,???????????????????????“????”?????????????????????????????“??”????????????,?????,??????

??????????????????:???????? - ?????????????????????????????

(?????????????????)?:???“???????????”???

???????????????????????2006???,?“??”?????????????«????????????????????????»«????»«??????»???????????,?????????????,????????“?????????????”??????????????????,?????????????

??????????????,“???????????????????????????”???“?”???????????????,?????????????,?????????????2020?????????????????2?2026??????????12???????????31??????,???????????7230???,???????????????????3380?????????????,3850????????????????????????,???????????????37%????????????????????????????????2024???????4??????????,?879?,????????????“????”?????25.7%?[26]

“?????”(CEF)????????????????????«?????????????????»????,????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2021-2027?????,??????????59.4??????????????????????[27]

“???????????”?,?????????????????:“??????”“??”???????????“???????”?“????”??,“???”???????????“????????????????????????????????????”???,“????”????????????????????[28]“???????????????”??????????????????????2023????????,??????????????2021-2022?????????????2273.5???????????

(????)??:???????

?“?”?????????,????“??????”??????,???????!

????????????,????,?????????,?????,????????????????????,???????????????[29]

?????8?????????????????????20?????,?????????????,???,???“?????????????”?????,?,?“??????”??????????????“??????”???????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,????????????????,????????,????????????????????????????????????“????”,???[30]

??????,??2035?????????,?????????????????????,??????????(??????????)???????????,?????????????????,????????????????????[31]

2024??????????????????????8??????????????????????????????9??????????????,??????(WT/DS626??????????),[32]???????????????????????????«???»????????????????????????6??????«???»???????????????1?????2??????????????????????????10??????????????17?????19??????????22?32???????,??????,??????

(????????????????????)?:????????“??????”?????????????????????

??,???????,????????????????«?????»«????????»«???»??????????????????,??????????????????“??????????????????????????????”??????????????,????????????????????,??????“??????????????????????????”???????????????,?????

???????????????,??????????,??????????,????????????????,?????????????,??????????????“??????????????????”???????

???????????????????1957????????«????????»??“??????”?????????,???«???????»??????????????????????????,?????????????,??“???”???????????

?,2018?2024????????????????8?????,??????????????????????????“?????”?,?????????????????????????????????????362??????????????????????(?????320???????),???????????????????????????68??(?????????21%),???61???????????(?17%)?[33]???????????????,????????????????????????,???“???”???????

????????????|? ?????? ??????????????????????

????????????

[1]??:

[2]??????«???????????????????????????»??????298?????????????????????51??????????????52??

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]????????:??????????????,2024?4???????????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]??:

[30]????????????????????:

[31]

[32]?????????????????????(WT/DS626????????????????????):

[33] ??:????