????:2024-08-23 20:17:18 ??:????
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2024???8????????20??????????????,??(AS689)?,[1]??????????????17%-36.3%??????????????(????????????????????9%)????????????????2023??????????9????????13???????????????????????????????????,????,???2023???????10????????????4????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????,??
?????,?????????????????,????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????(??????????????)???,??????????????????????????«??»???,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2019?????«????»?????????,????????,??????????????????????????????????2020???????????????,????????????????«?????»,??????????????????????????????????,????????????????,?????????????,??,??????
????????????????????,????
????????????????????
(?)???????,??
1. ????????????????
???????????????????,?????1951???????????????????????????????,????????????(?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)?«?»,???????(ECSC),???????,?????????????,?????????????????????????
1957????????????????,???????????????«???»?«????????»??????????(Euratom),?(???????????????),???????,??,??????????????(EEC),????????????????,?????????????,???????????????????92?????94????????????(state aid),????[2]
2. ?????
1965?????,??????????????????????????????«???????????»,????,??????,?????????????????,??????????????«?????»????
1974???????????????????,????????????????????????«??1985???????????»,???????????1985???????????50%,??????,????[3]
??????,????????????????,??????,???????????,????,??????
(?????????)??????
1980???????,?????????????????????????«????????????1990???»,??????????,????????????[4]????1974???????????????????????
1986???????,????«???????»,[5]???????,????,????????????
???,??????????????????????????,?????,??
??????????
1992??,???«?????????»(?«??»),?????????????????????????????????(EU),??????????????????(EEC)???(EC),?????«????????????????????????»?????????????«?????»?????
????????????????????«??????»?????,????????????????,«????»?????????????????130??,?????
????????,??????????,???????????????????????????????????????????
(???)?????????
1995???????,???????????«??????????»????????????????,?????????????????????????,???[6]
1997?????????????,???«??:?????????»???,[7]??,???????????,???????????????????????????
2000??????????????????,????????«??????????»?,????????????????????????,??????[8]
?????????,????????????????????,?????????
(?????????)???????
?,????????2006??«????????????????????????????????????»?????????????,????,???,???????,????????[9]
2007??????????????,?«?????????»,???????«????????????????????????»?????????«??????????????»,?????????????????????«??»?????????????????????????????????????«???»???????????????????????,«???????»?88??????4???,?????,???????????«??»????????????????????????,??????????????????[10]
2010?,?????????«???2020??»,????,?????????????????????[11]
2011??????,??«2050????»,?2020???????,????,?(??????????????????????)???????????????????????,????????????????????[12]
???,???,?????
????????????
???«????»??107?,????????,???????(????????????????),??????????????????
???????????????????????????????:????????????,????,????????????,??;??????????????,???????
???2023????????????7??????????????WTO???????????????????,[13]??????????????????,????????????????????????????,????????????,??2021-2022?????????2273.5??????????
??,??????????????????????????????????,??????,??????
(?????)???????????????????????????
1. ???????????????
2014????????????????????????,?????????????????????«2030?????????»,?????????????2030????????????,????,???????????????,???????2030?27%,?????????????????????[14]
2015?????????????????,??«?????»,???????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,?,???[15]
2018???????,?????«?????»,???????????????2030??????????32%,??????????[16]
????????????,????????????????«???????????????????????????????????»,???????2050?????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,????????????????????,?????????[17]
2. ??????????«????????????»??«??????????»????????????????????????????????????????????
2019???,???????«?????????????????????»,??????????????,???????????,?????2030??????1990?55%???2050?????????????????????????????
?,????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????,«??»??????????????:?????????;?????????????????;???,???????????????????????????,?????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????,????[18]
2020?????3???????,??????????????????????????????«????????»,?:?????????????????;????????????????;??2021????????5????????????????????????????[19]????????,?????????????,??????????????,???????????????????????,??????,?????(IPCEI)???????????????,??????????????????
2022??,????????,?????,????????REPowerEU????????????,?????????????????,??????????????????????????,??????????2030???45%,??????[20]
3. ?????
2023????,???????????«????????»,?????«??????????????????????»,?????????,????????????????????????????????????????[21]
2024????????????????????????,??«????»???????????????«??????????????»????????«????????????????????»??
«??????????????»??????????[22]????????????????????????????;??????????????????2030?,???????40%;???????????????(NZSPs),???????????,??;?????«?»??????????,??????????????????
«?????»????,???2030??????????????????????,???,??????????-?????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????
(???)????????????
1. ???
2018????,??????????«??????????????????????????????:????????????»,???????????????????????,????????????????????,?,??????????????(electro-mobility,?????????????????????????)?
???????????????????????(CEF),???????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????,??????,???????????
2. ?????????????????????????????
2017????????,????????????????,??????????????,?,??????????????,?????????????????????????[23]
2018??????,?????????????????«???????»,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???[24]???????,???????????????:?????????????????????????????;???????????????????????,??????;???,?;???;?????????????(????????????);??????
???,??????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????,???????
(???????)????
1. ???????????????????????
2022?????????????,?«????»,????????????????????????2025??????????????????????320???(GW)??2030?????????????????????600????????[25]???,????
???,???:?????????,??????????????????????;??????;???????????,?????????????;???
2. ???????????????
?????????????,?,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:????????????,?????;???,?;?????;????????????;????
2024??????,??????????????????????«???????»,??????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????(??????)??????????????????????????????????????,?,????
???,???????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????,??????
??????????????????:???????? - ?????????????????????????????
(?????????????????)?:?????????????????
???????????????????????2006???,????????????????«????????????????????????»«????»«??????»???????????,?????????????,???????????????????????????????????????,?????????????
??????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????,?????????????2020?????????????????2?2026??????????12???????????31??????,???????????7230???,???????????????????3380?????????????,3850????????????????????????,???????????????37%????????????????????????????????2024???????4??????????,?879?,?????????????????????25.7%?[26]
?????(CEF)????????????????????«?????????????????»????,????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2021-2027?????,??????????59.4??????????????????????[27]
????????????,?????????????????:?????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????[28]?????????????????????????????????????2023????????,??????????????2021-2022?????????????2273.5???????????
(????)??:???????
???????????,????????????????,???????!
????????????,????,?????????,?????,????????????????????,???????????????[29]
?????8?????????????????????20?????,?????????????,???,?????????????????????,?,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,????????????????,????????,????????????????????????????????????????,???[30]
??????,??2035?????????,?????????????????????,??????????(??????????)???????????,?????????????????,????????????????????[31]
2024??????????????????????8??????????????????????????????9??????????????,??????(WT/DS626??????????),[32]???????????????????????????«???»????????????????????????6??????«???»???????????????1?????2??????????????????????????10??????????????17?????19??????????22?32???????,??????,??????
(????????????????????)?:???????????????????????????????????
??,???????,????????????????«?????»«????????»«???»??????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????,?????
???????????????,??????????,??????????,????????????????,?????????????,???????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????1957????????«????????»?????????????????,???«???????»??????????????????????????,?????????????,????????????????
?,2018?2024????????????????8?????,????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????362??????????????????????(?????320???????),???????????????????????????68??(?????????21%),???61???????????(?17%)?[33]???????????????,????????????????????????,?????????????
????????????|? ?????? ??????????????????????
????????????
[1]??:
[2]??????«???????????????????????????»??????298?????????????????????51??????????????52??
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]????????:??????????????,2024?4???????????
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]??:
[30]????????????????????:
[31]
[32]?????????????????????(WT/DS626????????????????????):
[33] ??:????
????