????:1????????:??????

2???????

3??????????

4???????????

5???????

????????????????11????????????????20???? ??:“????????????????”??

?????????

????????????? ?????????

“?????????????????????????”????????????“???????”“??????????,???????”“??????”??????????????????,??????????????????????????????“?”????????????,????“????????????”,??,??,?????????????

?????:

???:???????????

??:??,??????????????????,“????”(???800??200??????????)???????,?????????????????,???????????,????????“?????????”?

???,??“?????”??,?,??“??”“??”?????????,??,???????????,“???????”???????????????,??????????????“????”,?????????????????????????

?????????????????

?:“?????”???

???:????????(Louis Henkin)???????,“??,????,???,???”“??????”??,??“???????????????????”?????????????????“??”???????????????????????????????(???????????????),?????,??????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????,???

????,“??”?????,????????“?????”,?????????????????,???????????????????????,??«??»?????,???????????162??“????”,????“??”???????????????????????,“??”(«?????»),“??”(«??????????????????»),?????“??,?”(«??????»),????????????????????????“??,????”(«?????????»)????“????,????”(«??????????????????????»,????????«?????????»)??????????,???“?”?????????

???????????????????????,“??”???,????“????”,??,????????«??????»????“?????????????,????,?????,???”(«???????»)??????????????????????????“????,????????,??”(«?????????????»)???????“???????????????????”??,?????????????????????????????????????“????????,???????????,???????,??????????????”(«??????????????????????»)?????????????“?????”??,?????????????????,????????????????????????????????

???????,“????????????????????”?????????????????????????,????????“??????????????”,???????,?????,?????????,???“????????????????????”???????,????????????,“?????”????????“?”(«????????????»),??????????????????????????,?????????“????,?????”(«?????»)?“??”?????“???”(«?????????????????»)??“??????????????”(«????????????»),????????“????????”(«????????»)???“?????????????????????”????“?????”????,???“???????????????”“?????”“?????”?,????????????????“??”????????????,???????????????,??“???,??”(«????????????????????»)?“????,???????????????????????”(«?????????????»)?

???,“????”????,???“????”,???,???????,???????????,???“?”????????,??????????“??????????????????”??????????,????????????????“?????????”(«??????????????»),??,???“??”?????????“????”“???????”,????????“??,???????????”(«??????????????????»)?“??????????????,????”(«??????»),??????

?????????????,“??”???????“??????”“????”“????”“????”“???????????????”????????,“???????”???,“??”????,“??????”????????????????????,“??”?,“??????”???????????????,“??”??,??,???????????????????

???????????????????????

???:?????“???????”???????????

??:“?????????”?????,??????????????????????????????,???,???????????????????,?????????????????????????,??????????????????,??,??????????????????????????????,??,???

?????????“??”??,???2300??????????,???,??????????????,???????????????????,??,????????????????“????????????????????????????”?????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????

??????????????:?“???????????????”?????????????“????????????”?

???:??????????,“??????????”???????????????“???”???????“?????”,?????????????:???“?”???,???,??;????,????,????,????????;????,?????,???,??????????????(????)

????:

?????????

????????????????????????,??,??,??????????,?????,???«?????????»?????????????????????

???:???