????:1?????600?????:??????

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3????????

4???????????

5????????

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????:??????16??????????? ?:?????????

?????????????16????????????????????????????1862????,?«??»,?????????,??????1865?????????????4?14???,??????????,??????????????????????????,????????????????????????

?????????????????????????:???20?????????? ??????????:??????

??????20???(1831-1881)??1881??,??????????,????,??????

??:???????25???????????????????????????? ??????????????????:????

1901????????,???????25?????????,??????????????,????????????“?”,????12??????

?????:??????????????35?????????????? ??????????:????????

???????????????35?????????????1963?11??22???,???,???????????,????,?????????“???”,??,???????????????????????????

?1981??????,????,????

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