????:1?????????????:????

2??????

3?????

4???????

5?????????????

?????75??????75???????????????????,??????,?????????????????????????,?,????????,????????????????????,????????????????

????,?,?????????,2023???????????223?????????????GDP?????????89??????????43.6?????????????????????……?????75?????????,“???”?75??????????????????????,?“??????????????????”?????????,?????,???????????????

????????? ????????????

?7.9%

??

??????????,??????????????????,??????????????,???,?????????1952????679??????????,?????1978???3679?????????;???,??????????,1986?????????1???,2000???????????10????????,2006??20???,??????????12??10?,2020?????????????????????100???,2023???????????126??????????,???,2023?1952???????223???????,???????????????????????7.9%;??????,19792023?????????8.9%,?3.0%??

??????????GDP???8.9?

?

1952??????,????GDP?119????????,?????,????????????GDP??2019??,????????????GDP??????????????70078??,????????10158?,?1?;2023???????89358?,?1952?????89????,??????????????6.5%,????????????12681??????????????,????????????3?1.2????????????????,2023?????????(GNI)??????????????????????????????1.34???????,?????????????

?????????????????

???????

???????????,???,???????????1952?????????,?????????????????????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%????????????????????,?????????????????????,???

????,????????,???,????,???2023?????,??????????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%???????????,???9????????????????1.3????,???????,????????????????,???????????????,?????,???????????????“????????+”???

“??”?????????22.4????

????

??????,??,????????????,??????????,?????????????????????????

20132023??????????????,?????????8.7%?10.3%,??,?????????5G???????????,“???????”????,??????????????

????????2023????,??421?????????;???????,???????

????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????,“???”?????2023????????,??????????“???????”???22.4????????????,?GDP????????17.73%?

???

?

1949????????2.2???????????????????,????????????????8.1??,????????????75?????????,???????????????????,??,??????????????????????????,?????????????????????????

2023??,??????????15.9???,??1949???????6?????,?????????????4.5??????????,??2/3??????;????????544?????????????,??66???,????????????18.4???,??;????????????12.8??????????,??????????74.1%;???????????????????????876??????????,2023??1.7?,????2016??10?????????,?????????????,???????????????????????????

???????????????????3.92??

??????

1949??49.7????1978?,?171????,???151?,?????????????,?????????,??????????????,??????????,??2023????????,?????????39218??????????????,??1949??76????????,?6.0%;??????26796?,?1956????????????36??,?5.5%?

????????????,?????,??????????????2023????????????,????????29.8%,?1978???34.1????;???45.2%,??????????2013????5.5???????????????,??????????,???????????????????????????????2023??????,?49.7?,??????????????145.9??????????????????,???????????????????2013?????????2.9??????2.1???

??

??????????

??????,?????????????????????????????????????,??

??????,?????????????????,????????????,??,?,???,???

2023??????,?????????10.66?,?1989?????????10.09????;????2.44???????????????????????????????3.02???????,???1994??????????1.64??2.84??????????,????,????????????????????,????

9899????????????

?

??,??????????????????????????20??????????5070???,?,?????????????????????????????,?????????“?”??,?????????????????????,?????????????

???????,??????,???????????????8??????????????????,????2020??9899?????,832?,12.8????,?????,???????????????????????,?????10???????«??2030????????»?????,?,?????????

??????????????????????????????60%

?

???,???????????????,??,????

2023????????????,????????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;????????????1.6????????????????????4542????????????,????1949??6.4??103??????????,????(OECD)?????????????

?????,????,???2023??????,??60%,?????????????;???1982?????????8?????11.05??,????????????????????

?????

?

1950?,????????????11.3?,????1978??????????????????206??????????????,??????,2001???,??????????,???

???,?????????,?????,????????????????????1978?????????????1%??????????2023??????????????12.4%,???????????7????????????????“??”??,???????????150???????30?????????230??????????????“??”?????????????,?????25??????200??????????????,?????????????“??????????”?

?????

????

?????????????,???????,???????????????,????????????????????????,???1999????????????,???????????????????????????2012???,????,??4.9,???1952?8.1?

????,?????????????????????????????????????????,????20132023???,????6.9%?7.1%,?????????????????2023????????????,????????????????????????????46.7%?24.4%,??2012????????2.9?????0.9??????

????????46.3?

??????????????????????????

??,?????,??????????????1956???????????“????????”???????????????????????,?????????????????????,????????????,???????????????,??

???????????,?????,?????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????“????”,???????????????,?11?????????,????,????????????2023????????????????,?,???????????46.3???????????????

??????????66%

???????

??,???????????1949??????????10.64%,1978???????17.92%????,??????????????????????????????????????,???????????2023??,?9.3?????,???????????1978????????????7.6?;???66.16%,??????48.24??

??????????,?,?????,????????????????2023?????????????,?????48.3%,??????????2015??8.4??????????????,???????,?,?????????????2012????2.88:1????????2023??????????????????????????2.39:1?2023????????,??12.4:1,?????????2013??1.4?2023??????????????????460????,?99%??????????????,????????????14.4???????????

?????????3246???????????6833????????

??????????

1949????????,???????????,???????,???,??????????????2023??????,????????3246???????????6833????,???????1949?????????????????59??325?????????????;???119???????????(??)?

??????????????,???????????????????,?????????,??????????,?????2022??????????,?????????????4.46%,??2013??0.77?;??????????2012??????????????888???????2023?????1622??????????????????????????????

?????????????78.6????????

???????

??,???????,??75??????,???,?????????,???2023???????,????????107????,???1017?????????????,??1249?????

??????????,?,??????????????????????????,????????????2023??????????,?13.34???????????????,?????2018?95%????????????2023???????????,??????78.6????,???????????????????1949???????????????????????43.6?????????????,??

??????24.02%

?

20?????????50?????????????????,????????,?????,????,??“?????”??2022???????,??????????9014????????,???????????20????????????????80???????????????25????????30??????????;????18%,??????????

??,“?????????”?????24.02%?2023??,???????(PM2.5)??2016?????????28.6%,?????????21.6????????,??????????????,????????“?”?????????????????????“??????????????”,????(??????) ????????:?????