?? ??

2024??????????8??????????20???????????,???????????????(AS689)?????????????,[1]?????????????????17%-36.3%??(????????????????????9%)????????????2023????????9????13?????“?????????????????”??????,??,?2023??10?????????4????????????,??????????????????????????????????,????“???????????????????????????????”???????????,????

?,?,????????????,???????????????????“??????????”(??????????????????????????????????????????????)?,???????????????????????????????????«???»????,????“????????????????”?????2019??«??????????»??????????????,???,?????“???????”?????????????2020??????,???«?????»,???????????,?????“????????????????”?????,??????,??????????????????????,?????????????????

???“?????”????????,??????

???????????????????????

(?????????????????????)??,???

1. ?

?,?????????????????1951??????,???????(?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)???????«????»,?????“??”(ECSC),???????,?,?????????????????

1957???????,?????«???????????????????»?«??»???????“?”(Euratom),??????(??????????????????????????),????,??????,????????????????????????????“?????????????????”(EEC),????,????????????,??????????????????????????????92??????????????94?????(state aid),??[2]

2. ????????

1965???????????,??????«?»,???????,???,???,??????????«?????»?????????

1974?????,????????«?1985??????»,???????????1985???????50%,?????????????,???????[3]

???,?,????,?????????????????????????,??????,????????????

(?)???????????????????????????

1980??????????????,??«??????????????????????1990???????????????????????»,?????,???????????[4]?????????????????1974???????

1986??????????????????????,?????????????«???????????????»,[5]???????,???????????????????????,???????????

?????,??????????,??????,??

?????????????

1992?????????????????,????????????????«??????»(????????????????????«????????»),???“?????????????”(EU),?????????“??????”(EEC)??????????????“??????????”(EC),???????????«??»???????«????????????????»??

?????????????????«???????»???????????,???????????,«???????????»?130?,??????????????????????

???????????,????????????,???????????????“???????”???????????????????

(??????????)???????????

1995??,???«?????????????»??????,????????,????[6]

1997????????,???«??:????»????????????????????,[7]????????,????????????????????,???????????

2000???????????,????«?????»?????????,????????????????????????,????????????????[8]

??,??,????

(???????????????????)??

???????????,??2006?«?????????????????????????????????????»??????,????????????????,????????????????,?,????????[9]

2007??????????,?«??»,??????????«??????»?????????????«????????????????????????»,?????«?????????»????«??????????????????»??????????????,«???????»???????????????88??????????????4?,??,????????????????«???????»?“????”???????????????????????????????,????????????????????????[10]

2010?????????,??????????????«?????????????????2020?????»,??????,????????????????????[11]

2011??????,?????????«2050?????»,????????????2020?,????????????????????,??????????????(?????)??????????????????????,???[12]

??????????,????????????,??????????????????

??????????????????????????????????“??????????”????????

???????«??????»???????107?????,????????????,???(???????),??????

??????????????????????????????“??????????”????????????????:??,?????????????,???????????????????,??????????????????;???????????,???????????

??????????????2023???????7?WTO????,[13]?????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????“???”?????????????“??”??????,????????????????????????,????????????????????????2021-2022???2273.5??????????????????????

???????????,??????????????????“??????????????????????????????”?,?,????

(???????????)????????????????????????????“??”?????

1. ??“??????”????????????

2014???,????«2030?????»,??????2030???????????????????????,?????????,???????,?2030??????27%,??????????????????[14]

2015?,?????????????????????????????«?»,????????????????????????“??”,????????????????????????????????????????????,???“???”??????,????,????????[15]

2018????????,???????????????«???»,??????????????2030???????????????32%,???????????[16]

???????????,?????«??????????????????????????????????????»,???????????????????2050???????????“???”???,????“???????????????????????????????????”????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????,??????[17]

2. ?????«??????????????»??????«?»????????“????????????”??????

2019????????????,?????????«????????»,????????????????????????,?,??????????????????????2030?1990?????55%?????????2050?????“????????”????????

????,????????????????????????“??????????????????????????”???,???????????????????????????????????????????????,???????“??????????”?????,«??????»???????:??;????????????????????????????????????????????;???,??????????????????????,??????????,??????????????????????????????,???????????????[18]

2020??????3?????????????????,?????????«???????????????????»,?????????????????????:????????;????????????????????“??????????”;????????2021??????5?????????????????[19]??????????????????????????????,???,??????????,??????????????????,???,??????“??”(IPCEI)??????,?????????????????????????

2022?,??????,????,???????????“REPowerEU”???,?????????????????????????????,???????????????????,???2030?45%,????????????????????????????[20]

3. ?????????

2023????????????????????,???????????????«?»,??«???»,?,?????????“?????????????”?????????????[21]

2024??????????,???????«??????????»??????«?»????«??????»??????????????

«????»????[22]????????????????????????“??”????????????????????????;????????????????2030?,??????????????????40%;????“?????”(NZSPs),??????,???;??????????????????????«?»?????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????

«?????????????»???????????????????????,??2030????????,???,???????????-???????????????????,???????????“???????????????”?????????????

(???????????????)??????????????????????????????

1. ??????????

2018??????????????,?«???????????????:???????»,????????????????,???,??????,??????“???????????”(electro-mobility,????????????????)?

?????“???????????”(CEF),???????,???????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,????????????????????,???????????????

2. ??

2017?????????,?????????“????”,????????,????????,???????,??????[23]

2018???,????????«???????????????»,????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????[24]??,???????:???;???,?;????????????????,??;???;??(????????????);??????

??,?,????????????????????????“????????”????????????????????????“??????”????????????????,??????,?????????????????????

(???????????)????????

1. ?????????????????

2022?,?«?»,?????????????????2025??320??????(GW)????????????????2030?????????600???[25]?????,????????????

?????????????,???????:???????????????????????????“????????????”,?;???;???????????????,?;???????????????????

2. ????????????????????????

?????????????????,?,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:??,??????????;?????????????,????;??????????????????????;?????????;????

2024?????,???????????????????????????????«????????????????»,??????????????????????????????????????????,???(???)???????????????????“?????”????,?????????????????,???????????????

???,???,????????“??”??????????????????????“???”???????????????????,????????????????,??

????????????????:???? - ???????????????

(???????)????????:???“?”???

??????????2006???????,?“?????”????????????????????????«???»«???»«???????????????»??????????,?????,?????“??”??,????????????????????????????????????

??????,“?????”??????????????“??????????????????”????????????????,?,??????2020?????2???????2026????????12????????31??????????,??????7230?,??????3380??????,3850???????,???37%????????????2024??????????????????????4????????????,?????????????????879???,?“?????????????????”????????????25.7%?[26]

“????”(CEF)?«????????????????????»????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????2021-2027???????????,??59.4???????????????[27]

“??????”??????????,????????????:“????????????????????????????????”“????????????????????????”?????????????????????????????????????“?”?“??????????????”??????????,“?”?????“???????????????????”????????,“????”????[28]“??”????????????2023??,?2021-2022????????????????????2273.5???????

(???????)???????:??

??“?????”???????????,????“???”??????????,???????!

??,??,????,?????????????????????,?,??????????[29]

????????8?20???????????????????????,??????????,??????????????,???“???????????????????????????????????????????????????????”???????,???,??????????????????????????“?????????”????????????“???”?????????????????,??,?????????????????,??????????,???????“???”,??????[30]

??,????2035?,????????????????????????????????,?????(???)???????????????????,???????,?????[31]

2024????8??????????????????????????9???,??????????????????????(WT/DS626?????????),[32]??????????????????????????????????«???????????????????»????????????????6???????????????????????«???????????»???????????1?2????????????10??????????????????????17?????????19??????????????????????????????22?????????????????????32?????,???????????????????????????,??????

(???)???????????????:???????“?”????????????

???????????,?????????????,????????????«??????????????????»«?»«???????????????»???????,??????“??????????????????????”?,?,???“????????”????????,??????????????????????

?,????,??????????????????,???????,???????????????????,??????????????“????????????????????????”?????????????????????????

????????????????????1957???????????«??????????????????????»?????“??????”????????????????????,????????????«?????????????????????»??????????????,???????????????????????,???“??”?????

?????,2018??????????????2024????8?????????????????????,?????“??”?,???????????????????????????????????????????????????362???(?????320?????????????),?????????????????????68??(???????????21%),?????????61????(????????????????????17%)?[33]??????????????????,??,??“????????????????????????”??????????????????

????????????????????????????????|?????????????? ?? ????

????????

[1]????:

[2]????«????????????»????????????298????????????????51?????????????52???

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]???????????????????:????????????????,2024???????????????4?????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]?????????????:

[30]??????:

[31]

[32]?????????(WT/DS626??????????????):

[33] ???????:???????????????? “????app”_????

?? ???“????????????”??????

???“????????????”??????
??
2024-08-26 12:26:58

????:1?????app:????

2???????50??

3?????

4?????

5??????

?? ??

2024??????????8??????????20???????????,???????????????(AS689)?????????????,[1]?????????????????17%-36.3%??(????????????????????9%)????????????2023????????9????13?????“?????????????????”??????,??,?2023??10?????????4????????????,??????????????????????????????????,????“???????????????????????????????”???????????,????

?,?,????????????,???????????????????“??????????”(??????????????????????????????????????????????)?,???????????????????????????????????«???»????,????“????????????????”?????2019??«??????????»??????????????,???,?????“???????”?????????????2020??????,???«?????»,???????????,?????“????????????????”?????,??????,??????????????????????,?????????????????

???“?????”????????,??????

???????????????????????

(?????????????????????)??,???

1. ?

?,?????????????????1951??????,???????(?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)???????«????»,?????“??”(ECSC),???????,?,?????????????????

1957???????,?????«???????????????????»?«??»???????“?”(Euratom),??????(??????????????????????????),????,??????,????????????????????????????“?????????????????”(EEC),????,????????????,??????????????????????????????92??????????????94?????(state aid),??[2]

2. ????????

1965???????????,??????«?»,???????,???,???,??????????«?????»?????????

1974?????,????????«?1985??????»,???????????1985???????50%,?????????????,???????[3]

???,?,????,?????????????????????????,??????,????????????

(?)???????????????????????????

1980??????????????,??«??????????????????????1990???????????????????????»,?????,???????????[4]?????????????????1974???????

1986??????????????????????,?????????????«???????????????»,[5]???????,???????????????????????,???????????

?????,??????????,??????,??

?????????????

1992?????????????????,????????????????«??????»(????????????????????«????????»),???“?????????????”(EU),?????????“??????”(EEC)??????????????“??????????”(EC),???????????«??»???????«????????????????»??

?????????????????«???????»???????????,???????????,«???????????»?130?,??????????????????????

???????????,????????????,???????????????“???????”???????????????????

(??????????)???????????

1995??,???«?????????????»??????,????????,????[6]

1997????????,???«??:????»????????????????????,[7]????????,????????????????????,???????????

2000???????????,????«?????»?????????,????????????????????????,????????????????[8]

??,??,????

(???????????????????)??

???????????,??2006?«?????????????????????????????????????»??????,????????????????,????????????????,?,????????[9]

2007??????????,?«??»,??????????«??????»?????????????«????????????????????????»,?????«?????????»????«??????????????????»??????????????,«???????»???????????????88??????????????4?,??,????????????????«???????»?“????”???????????????????????????????,????????????????????????[10]

2010?????????,??????????????«?????????????????2020?????»,??????,????????????????????[11]

2011??????,?????????«2050?????»,????????????2020?,????????????????????,??????????????(?????)??????????????????????,???[12]

??????????,????????????,??????????????????

??????????????????????????????????“??????????”????????

???????«??????»???????107?????,????????????,???(???????),??????

??????????????????????????????“??????????”????????????????:??,?????????????,???????????????????,??????????????????;???????????,???????????

??????????????2023???????7?WTO????,[13]?????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????“???”?????????????“??”??????,????????????????????????,????????????????????????2021-2022???2273.5??????????????????????

???????????,??????????????????“??????????????????????????????”?,?,????

(???????????)????????????????????????????“??”?????

1. ??“??????”????????????

2014???,????«2030?????»,??????2030???????????????????????,?????????,???????,?2030??????27%,??????????????????[14]

2015?,?????????????????????????????«?»,????????????????????????“??”,????????????????????????????????????????????,???“???”??????,????,????????[15]

2018????????,???????????????«???»,??????????????2030???????????????32%,???????????[16]

???????????,?????«??????????????????????????????????????»,???????????????????2050???????????“???”???,????“???????????????????????????????????”????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????,??????[17]

2. ?????«??????????????»??????«?»????????“????????????”??????

2019????????????,?????????«????????»,????????????????????????,?,??????????????????????2030?1990?????55%?????????2050?????“????????”????????

????,????????????????????????“??????????????????????????”???,???????????????????????????????????????????????,???????“??????????”?????,«??????»???????:??;????????????????????????????????????????????;???,??????????????????????,??????????,??????????????????????????????,???????????????[18]

2020??????3?????????????????,?????????«???????????????????»,?????????????????????:????????;????????????????????“??????????”;????????2021??????5?????????????????[19]??????????????????????????????,???,??????????,??????????????????,???,??????“??”(IPCEI)??????,?????????????????????????

2022?,??????,????,???????????“REPowerEU”???,?????????????????????????????,???????????????????,???2030?45%,????????????????????????????[20]

3. ?????????

2023????????????????????,???????????????«?»,??«???»,?,?????????“?????????????”?????????????[21]

2024??????????,???????«??????????»??????«?»????«??????»??????????????

«????»????[22]????????????????????????“??”????????????????????????;????????????????2030?,??????????????????40%;????“?????”(NZSPs),??????,???;??????????????????????«?»?????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????

«?????????????»???????????????????????,??2030????????,???,???????????-???????????????????,???????????“???????????????”?????????????

(???????????????)??????????????????????????????

1. ??????????

2018??????????????,?«???????????????:???????»,????????????????,???,??????,??????“???????????”(electro-mobility,????????????????)?

?????“???????????”(CEF),???????,???????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,????????????????????,???????????????

2. ??

2017?????????,?????????“????”,????????,????????,???????,??????[23]

2018???,????????«???????????????»,????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????[24]??,???????:???;???,?;????????????????,??;???;??(????????????);??????

??,?,????????????????????????“????????”????????????????????????“??????”????????????????,??????,?????????????????????

(???????????)????????

1. ?????????????????

2022?,?«?»,?????????????????2025??320??????(GW)????????????????2030?????????600???[25]?????,????????????

?????????????,???????:???????????????????????????“????????????”,?;???;???????????????,?;???????????????????

2. ????????????????????????

?????????????????,?,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:??,??????????;?????????????,????;??????????????????????;?????????;????

2024?????,???????????????????????????????«????????????????»,??????????????????????????????????????????,???(???)???????????????????“?????”????,?????????????????,???????????????

???,???,????????“??”??????????????????????“???”???????????????????,????????????????,??

????????????????:???? - ???????????????

(???????)????????:???“?”???

??????????2006???????,?“?????”????????????????????????«???»«???»«???????????????»??????????,?????,?????“??”??,????????????????????????????????????

??????,“?????”??????????????“??????????????????”????????????????,?,??????2020?????2???????2026????????12????????31??????????,??????7230?,??????3380??????,3850???????,???37%????????????2024??????????????????????4????????????,?????????????????879???,?“?????????????????”????????????25.7%?[26]

“????”(CEF)?«????????????????????»????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????2021-2027???????????,??59.4???????????????[27]

“??????”??????????,????????????:“????????????????????????????????”“????????????????????????”?????????????????????????????????????“?”?“??????????????”??????????,“?”?????“???????????????????”????????,“????”????[28]“??”????????????2023??,?2021-2022????????????????????2273.5???????

(???????)???????:??

??“?????”???????????,????“???”??????????,???????!

??,??,????,?????????????????????,?,??????????[29]

????????8?20???????????????????????,??????????,??????????????,???“???????????????????????????????????????????????????????”???????,???,??????????????????????????“?????????”????????????“???”?????????????????,??,?????????????????,??????????,???????“???”,??????[30]

??,????2035?,????????????????????????????????,?????(???)???????????????????,???????,?????[31]

2024????8??????????????????????????9???,??????????????????????(WT/DS626?????????),[32]??????????????????????????????????«???????????????????»????????????????6???????????????????????«???????????»???????????1?2????????????10??????????????????????17?????????19??????????????????????????????22?????????????????????32?????,???????????????????????????,??????

(???)???????????????:???????“?”????????????

???????????,?????????????,????????????«??????????????????»«?»«???????????????»???????,??????“??????????????????????”?,?,???“????????”????????,??????????????????????

?,????,??????????????????,???????,???????????????????,??????????????“????????????????????????”?????????????????????????

????????????????????1957???????????«??????????????????????»?????“??????”????????????????????,????????????«?????????????????????»??????????????,???????????????????????,???“??”?????

?????,2018??????????????2024????8?????????????????????,?????“??”?,???????????????????????????????????????????????????362???(?????320?????????????),?????????????????????68??(???????????21%),?????????61????(????????????????????17%)?[33]??????????????????,??,??“????????????????????????”??????????????????

????????????????????????????????|?????????????? ?? ????

????????

[1]????:

[2]????«????????????»????????????298????????????????51?????????????52???

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]???????????????????:????????????????,2024???????????????4?????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

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[31]

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