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2024??????????8??????????20???????????,???????????????(AS689)?????????????,[1]?????????????????17%-36.3%??(????????????????????9%)????????????2023????????9????13????????????????????????????,??,?2023??10?????????4????????????,??????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????,????
?,?,????????????,?????????????????????????????(??????????????????????????????????????????????)?,???????????????????????????????????«???»????,?????????????????????????2019??«??????????»??????????????,???,?????????????????????????2020??????,???«?????»,???????????,??????????????????????????,??????,??????????????????????,?????????????????
????????????????,??????
???????????????????????
(?????????????????????)??,???
1. ?
?,?????????????????1951??????,???????(?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)???????«????»,???????(ECSC),???????,?,?????????????????
1957???????,?????«???????????????????»?«??»????????(Euratom),??????(??????????????????????????),????,??????,?????????????????????????????????????????????(EEC),????,????????????,??????????????????????????????92??????????????94?????(state aid),??[2]
2. ????????
1965???????????,??????«?»,???????,???,???,??????????«?????»?????????
1974?????,????????«?1985??????»,???????????1985???????50%,?????????????,???????[3]
???,?,????,?????????????????????????,??????,????????????
(?)???????????????????????????
1980??????????????,??«??????????????????????1990???????????????????????»,?????,???????????[4]?????????????????1974???????
1986??????????????????????,?????????????«???????????????»,[5]???????,???????????????????????,???????????
?????,??????????,??????,??
?????????????
1992?????????????????,????????????????«??????»(????????????????????«????????»),????????????????(EU),???????????????(EEC)????????????????????????(EC),???????????«??»???????«????????????????»??
?????????????????«???????»???????????,???????????,«???????????»?130?,??????????????????????
???????????,????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????
(??????????)???????????
1995??,???«?????????????»??????,????????,????[6]
1997????????,???«??:????»????????????????????,[7]????????,????????????????????,???????????
2000???????????,????«?????»?????????,????????????????????????,????????????????[8]
??,??,????
(???????????????????)??
???????????,??2006?«?????????????????????????????????????»??????,????????????????,????????????????,?,????????[9]
2007??????????,?«??»,??????????«??????»?????????????«????????????????????????»,?????«?????????»????«??????????????????»??????????????,«???????»???????????????88??????????????4?,??,????????????????«???????»????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????[10]
2010?????????,??????????????«?????????????????2020?????»,??????,????????????????????[11]
2011??????,?????????«2050?????»,????????????2020?,????????????????????,??????????????(?????)??????????????????????,???[12]
??????????,????????????,??????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????«??????»???????107?????,????????????,???(???????),??????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:??,?????????????,???????????????????,??????????????????;???????????,???????????
??????????????2023???????7?WTO????,[13]?????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????,????????????????????????2021-2022???2273.5??????????????????????
???????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,?,????
(???????????)???????????????????????????????????
1. ????????????????????
2014???,????«2030?????»,??????2030???????????????????????,?????????,???????,?2030??????27%,??????????????????[14]
2015?,?????????????????????????????«?»,??????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????,????,????????[15]
2018????????,???????????????«???»,??????????????2030???????????????32%,???????????[16]
???????????,?????«??????????????????????????????????????»,???????????????????2050?????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????,??????[17]
2. ?????«??????????????»??????«?»??????????????????????????
2019????????????,?????????«????????»,????????????????????????,?,??????????????????????2030?1990?????55%?????????2050?????????????????????
????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????,«??????»???????:??;????????????????????????????????????????????;???,??????????????????????,??????????,??????????????????????????????,???????????????[18]
2020??????3?????????????????,?????????«???????????????????»,?????????????????????:????????;??????????????????????????????;????????2021??????5?????????????????[19]??????????????????????????????,???,??????????,??????????????????,???,????????(IPCEI)??????,?????????????????????????
2022?,??????,????,???????????REPowerEU???,?????????????????????????????,???????????????????,???2030?45%,????????????????????????????[20]
3. ?????????
2023????????????????????,???????????????«?»,??«???»,?,???????????????????????????????????[21]
2024??????????,???????«??????????»??????«?»????«??????»??????????????
«????»????[22]??????????????????????????????????????????????????;????????????????2030?,??????????????????40%;?????????(NZSPs),??????,???;??????????????????????«?»?????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????
«?????????????»???????????????????????,??2030????????,???,???????????-???????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????
(???????????????)??????????????????????????????
1. ??????????
2018??????????????,?«???????????????:???????»,????????????????,???,??????,?????????????????(electro-mobility,????????????????)?
????????????????(CEF),???????,???????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,????????????????????,???????????????
2. ??
2017?????????,?????????????,????????,????????,???????,??????[23]
2018???,????????«???????????????»,????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????[24]??,???????:???;???,?;????????????????,??;???;??(????????????);??????
??,?,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????,?????????????????????
(???????????)????????
1. ?????????????????
2022?,?«?»,?????????????????2025??320??????(GW)????????????????2030?????????600???[25]?????,????????????
?????????????,???????:???????????????????????????????????????,?;???;???????????????,?;???????????????????
2. ????????????????????????
?????????????????,?,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:??,??????????;?????????????,????;??????????????????????;?????????;????
2024?????,???????????????????????????????«????????????????»,??????????????????????????????????????????,???(???)????????????????????????????,?????????????????,???????????????
???,???,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????,??
????????????????:???? - ???????????????
(???????)????????:???????
??????????2006???????,??????????????????????????????«???»«???»«???????????????»??????????,?????,?????????,????????????????????????????????????
??????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?,??????2020?????2???????2026????????12????????31??????????,??????7230?,??????3380??????,3850???????,???37%????????????2024??????????????????????4????????????,?????????????????879???,??????????????????????????????25.7%?[26]
????(CEF)?«????????????????????»????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????2021-2027???????????,??59.4???????????????[27]
????????????????,????????????:???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????,????????[28]??????????????2023??,?2021-2022????????????????????2273.5???????
(???????)???????:??
??????????????????,?????????????????,???????!
??,??,????,?????????????????????,?,??????????[29]
????????8?20???????????????????????,??????????,??????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??,?????????????????,??????????,??????????,??????[30]
??,????2035?,????????????????????????????????,?????(???)???????????????????,???????,?????[31]
2024????8??????????????????????????9???,??????????????????????(WT/DS626?????????),[32]??????????????????????????????????«???????????????????»????????????????6???????????????????????«???????????»???????????1?2????????????10??????????????????????17?????????19??????????????????????????????22?????????????????????32?????,???????????????????????????,??????
(???)???????????????:????????????????????
???????????,?????????????,????????????«??????????????????»«?»«???????????????»???????,?????????????????????????????,?,???????????????????,??????????????????????
?,????,??????????????????,???????,???????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????1957???????????«??????????????????????»???????????????????????????????,????????????«?????????????????????»??????????????,???????????????????????,??????????
?????,2018??????????????2024????8?????????????????????,????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????362???(?????320?????????????),?????????????????????68??(???????????21%),?????????61????(????????????????????17%)?[33]??????????????????,??,????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????|?????????????? ?? ????
????????
[1]????:
[2]????«????????????»????????????298????????????????51?????????????52???
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]???????????????????:????????????????,2024???????????????4?????
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]?????????????:
[30]??????:
[31]
[32]?????????(WT/DS626??????????????):
[33] ???????:????????????????