?????????????????????????? ????????????

2024??????8??????20?????????,?(AS689)??,[1]???????17%-36.3%?????(??????????????????????9%)???????????2023?????9???????????13?????????“??”????????,????????????????????????,?????????????????2023???????10??????????4?????????,??????????????????????,?????????????????????“????????????”?????????????????????,???????????????????

??????,?????????,??????,?????“???????????”(?????)???????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????«??????????????»???????,???????????“?????????”?????????????????????2019????«???»??????,??,???????“?”?????????????2020??????????,?????????«?????»,????????????????????????,?“?”???????????????,???,????,???????????

??????????????“???”???????,??????

?????????????????

(??)???,?????????

1. ???

??,???????????????????????1951?????????,???(?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)?«???»,????????????????????“????????????”(ECSC),?,????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????

1957?????????,?????????«???»??????????????????????«??»???????????“????????????????????”(Euratom),????????????(?????????????),????????????,?????????????,???????????????“??????????”(EEC),???????????????,????????????,???????????????????????????????????92????????????????94?????(state aid),????[2]

2. ?????????????????????

1965???????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????«??????????»,?????,???????????,????,??????????«???????????»?????

1974??????????????,??????«???1985???????????????????????»,??????????????1985??????????50%,????,??????????[3]

?????????????,????????????????????,????,???????,????????????????????????????,?????

(??????)???????????????

1980?????,?????«?????1990??»,????????????????????????,?????[4]?????1974?????????????????

1986?,????????????????«????????»,[5]?,??,????????????????

??????????????????,????????????????,????,?????????

?????????????????????????????

1992???????????,??????«?»(?????«?»),????????“????????????????????????????????”(EU),???????????“????????????????????”(EEC)???????????????“?????”(EC),???????«???????????»????«?????»???????????????

???????????«????»???????,???????????????????????????????,«????»?????????????????130???????,??????

???????,??,?????????????????“???”????????????????????????????????

(?????????)???????

1995??,???????????????????«??»???????????,???????????????????,??????[6]

1997?,????«????:??????????»??,[7]????????????,??????,????????????????????????????????????????????????

2000???,???????????????????«??»????????????????,??????????????????????????,??????????[8]

?????,??????????????????,??????

(????????????????????)???????????

?,???????2006???????????????????«?????????????????»?????,????????????????????????,?,??????????,?????????????????[9]

2007?,??????«???»,??????«?»?«?????»,??????????«??????»??«?????????»?????????,«???????»????????????????88??????????????4???????,???????,?????????«???????????????????»?“?????????????????????”????,????????????????????????????????????[10]

2010?????????,???????????«??????2020?????????????????????????????????????»,????????,?????[11]

2011????????????????????????,???????«2050??????»,?????????????2020?,????????,?(???????????)???????????????,????????[12]

??,?????,???

???????????????????????????“??????????????????????”???

??«?»????????????107???????????,????,?????????(?),??

??????????“?????????????????”?????????????????:??????,????????????????????????,??????,????????;?,????????????

???????2023???7?WTO???,[13]????????????????????????????????,???????????“??????????????????????”????????????“??????????????????????”?????,????????????????????????????????????????????,?2021-2022??????????????2273.5??

??????????????,?????????“?”???,??????????????,????

(??????????????????????)???????????????????“?????”???????

1. ???“?????????????????”??????????????

2014???????????????????????,???«2030????????»,?????????2030?????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????,???????????????????,??????????2030??????27%,???????????[14]

2015?????????????????,????«??????????????????????»,????“???”,???????????????????????????????,???“?????”?????????????,??,????????[15]

2018????????????,????«???»,?????????????????????????????2030????????????????????32%,?????????????????????????[16]

???,?«????????????????????????????????????»,?????????????????????2050????“?????????????????????”????????,???“??????????????????????????”??????,???????????????????????,??????????????,????????????????[17]

2. ??????«???»?«??????»?“???”???

2019?,???????????????«???????»,???????,???????????,??????????2030????????1990??????????????????55%???????????????????2050?????“???????????????????????”?????????????????

???????????????,?“??????????????”?????,??????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????“??????????????”????????????,«?»??:???;??????????????????????????;????????????????????,????????????????,????????????????????????,?????,????????????????[18]

2020???3??????????????,?«?»,?????????????????:????????;??????“??????”;???????????????2021??????????????5??????????[19]??,???????????,?????????,???????????????,?????????,???????????????“?????”(IPCEI)???????,????????????

2022??,??????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????,?????“REPowerEU”????,???????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????,???????2030?????????????????????????????45%,???????????[20]

3. ???

2023???????????????,???«??»,??«??????»,????????????????????????,???????????“?????????????”?????[21]

2024?,?????????«?????»???«????????????????????????»????????«???????????????»???

«?»????[22]???“?????”??????;??????????2030???????????????,??????????40%;????????“???”(NZSPs),???,??????????;??????«???»????????????????,?????????????????????????????????

«???»??????,???2030????,??????????,??????????????????????????-????????????????????????,??“??????????????”????

(??)??????

1. ??

2018??,?????????????«???????????????:???????????????????»,??????????????????????????,?,????,????????????????“??????????????????????”(electro-mobility,???????????????????????????????????????????????)?

??????“?”(CEF),???????????,??????????????????????????????????????????,???,?????????,??????????????

2. ?

2017?????????,???????????????????????????????????????????“????????”,??????????,??????,???????,????[23]

2018?????,?«???»,???????????????????????????????????????????,??[24]?,?:?;??????,?;?,?;???????????;?????????????(???);???

???????????????,??????????????????????,???????????????“????”?????????????“??????????”???,?,?????????

(??????????????)??????

1. ???????

2022????????????????,???????????????????«??????????????????????????????»,?????????????2025???320???(GW)?????2030?600?????????[25]?????,????????????????????

?,????:?????“???”,????????????????;??;??,???;???

2. ????????????????

????????????,??,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:????????????,????????;??????,?;??????????????;???;???????

2024??????????,??????????????????????????????????«??»,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????(?????????????????)?????????????????“??”??????,?????,???????????

???,?????????????,?????????????“??????????”??????????“????????????????”???????????????,???????????????????,???????????????

?????????????????????????????:????????????????????? - ??????????

(?????)??????:?“?????????????????????”??

??2006??????????,??????????“?????????????”????????????«???????????»«??????????????????????????????»«?»?,??,???“????????????????????????”???????,???

?????????????,“?????????????????”??“???”????????????,????????????????????,???2020?2?????2026????????????12???????????????31?????????????,??????7230??,????????3380???????????????,3850??????????????????????????,????37%????????????????????????2024??4?????????????????????,?????????????879???,?????“??????????”??25.7%?[26]

“????????”(CEF)???????????????«?????????????????????»?????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????2021-2027?,???????59.4????????????????????[27]

“??”?????,?????:“?”“????”??????????????????????????????“??????”?“???????”????????????,“???????????????”????????????????“????????”????????????,“???????????”?????????????[28]“????”??????????????????2023?,???????2021-2022?????2273.5???????????

(??)?????????????????:???

???????????“??????”????,?“?”??????????????????????????,????!

????,?????,??????,?????????????,??,??????[29]

?????????8???????????????????????????????20???????,??????,?????,?“?????????????????????????????????????????????”???????????????????????????,???,????????“??”?“????????????”?????????,???????????????,???????????????,??????????????,????“??????????”,???????????[30]

????,????2035??????????,?????,?????(??????????????)??????????????????????????????????,???,????[31]

2024???8?????????9??????????????,????(WT/DS626????),[32]????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«?»?????????????6???«???????????»??????1??????2?????????????????10????????????????????17??????????????????????19??????22?????32?,??????????,??

(???????????????)???:?????????????????????“???”??????????

?????,??????????????????,????«?????????????????????»«???????????»«???????????????????????????»?????????????,???????????????“????????????????????”????,??????,????“????????????????????”????????????????????????,?????

?????????????????,?,???????????,??????,???????,?“??”????????????????????????

???????1957???????????????????????«??»????????????????“???”??????????,?????????«?????????????????????»????????????,???????????????????????????????????????,??“?????????????”??????????

????????,2018???????2024??????8???,???????“???????”?????????????????,???????????????????????????362???????????(?????????320????????????),??68??(?21%),???????61???????????????????(????????17%)?[33]?????,???????????????,??????“???????”???????????

??????????|??????????? ???????? ????????????

?

[1]????????:

[2]??????????????????«?????»?????????298???????????51?????52??????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]????????????????????:??????????????????,2024?????????????4???

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]?????????????:

[30]?????????????:

[31]

[32]????????(WT/DS626?????????????????):

[33] ????????????????????:??????? 包头品茶微信新茶嫩茶

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???“??????”????????????
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2024-08-23 20:52:28

????:1???????????:?????????

2????????

3???????

4???98?

5??????

?????????????????????????? ????????????

2024??????8??????20?????????,?(AS689)??,[1]???????17%-36.3%?????(??????????????????????9%)???????????2023?????9???????????13?????????“??”????????,????????????????????????,?????????????????2023???????10??????????4?????????,??????????????????????,?????????????????????“????????????”?????????????????????,???????????????????

??????,?????????,??????,?????“???????????”(?????)???????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????«??????????????»???????,???????????“?????????”?????????????????????2019????«???»??????,??,???????“?”?????????????2020??????????,?????????«?????»,????????????????????????,?“?”???????????????,???,????,???????????

??????????????“???”???????,??????

?????????????????

(??)???,?????????

1. ???

??,???????????????????????1951?????????,???(?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)?«???»,????????????????????“????????????”(ECSC),?,????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????

1957?????????,?????????«???»??????????????????????«??»???????????“????????????????????”(Euratom),????????????(?????????????),????????????,?????????????,???????????????“??????????”(EEC),???????????????,????????????,???????????????????????????????????92????????????????94?????(state aid),????[2]

2. ?????????????????????

1965???????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????«??????????»,?????,???????????,????,??????????«???????????»?????

1974??????????????,??????«???1985???????????????????????»,??????????????1985??????????50%,????,??????????[3]

?????????????,????????????????????,????,???????,????????????????????????????,?????

(??????)???????????????

1980?????,?????«?????1990??»,????????????????????????,?????[4]?????1974?????????????????

1986?,????????????????«????????»,[5]?,??,????????????????

??????????????????,????????????????,????,?????????

?????????????????????????????

1992???????????,??????«?»(?????«?»),????????“????????????????????????????????”(EU),???????????“????????????????????”(EEC)???????????????“?????”(EC),???????«???????????»????«?????»???????????????

???????????«????»???????,???????????????????????????????,«????»?????????????????130???????,??????

???????,??,?????????????????“???”????????????????????????????????

(?????????)???????

1995??,???????????????????«??»???????????,???????????????????,??????[6]

1997?,????«????:??????????»??,[7]????????????,??????,????????????????????????????????????????????????

2000???,???????????????????«??»????????????????,??????????????????????????,??????????[8]

?????,??????????????????,??????

(????????????????????)???????????

?,???????2006???????????????????«?????????????????»?????,????????????????????????,?,??????????,?????????????????[9]

2007?,??????«???»,??????«?»?«?????»,??????????«??????»??«?????????»?????????,«???????»????????????????88??????????????4???????,???????,?????????«???????????????????»?“?????????????????????”????,????????????????????????????????????[10]

2010?????????,???????????«??????2020?????????????????????????????????????»,????????,?????[11]

2011????????????????????????,???????«2050??????»,?????????????2020?,????????,?(???????????)???????????????,????????[12]

??,?????,???

???????????????????????????“??????????????????????”???

??«?»????????????107???????????,????,?????????(?),??

??????????“?????????????????”?????????????????:??????,????????????????????????,??????,????????;?,????????????

???????2023???7?WTO???,[13]????????????????????????????????,???????????“??????????????????????”????????????“??????????????????????”?????,????????????????????????????????????????????,?2021-2022??????????????2273.5??

??????????????,?????????“?”???,??????????????,????

(??????????????????????)???????????????????“?????”???????

1. ???“?????????????????”??????????????

2014???????????????????????,???«2030????????»,?????????2030?????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????,???????????????????,??????????2030??????27%,???????????[14]

2015?????????????????,????«??????????????????????»,????“???”,???????????????????????????????,???“?????”?????????????,??,????????[15]

2018????????????,????«???»,?????????????????????????????2030????????????????????32%,?????????????????????????[16]

???,?«????????????????????????????????????»,?????????????????????2050????“?????????????????????”????????,???“??????????????????????????”??????,???????????????????????,??????????????,????????????????[17]

2. ??????«???»?«??????»?“???”???

2019?,???????????????«???????»,???????,???????????,??????????2030????????1990??????????????????55%???????????????????2050?????“???????????????????????”?????????????????

???????????????,?“??????????????”?????,??????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????“??????????????”????????????,«?»??:???;??????????????????????????;????????????????????,????????????????,????????????????????????,?????,????????????????[18]

2020???3??????????????,?«?»,?????????????????:????????;??????“??????”;???????????????2021??????????????5??????????[19]??,???????????,?????????,???????????????,?????????,???????????????“?????”(IPCEI)???????,????????????

2022??,??????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????,?????“REPowerEU”????,???????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????,???????2030?????????????????????????????45%,???????????[20]

3. ???

2023???????????????,???«??»,??«??????»,????????????????????????,???????????“?????????????”?????[21]

2024?,?????????«?????»???«????????????????????????»????????«???????????????»???

«?»????[22]???“?????”??????;??????????2030???????????????,??????????40%;????????“???”(NZSPs),???,??????????;??????«???»????????????????,?????????????????????????????????

«???»??????,???2030????,??????????,??????????????????????????-????????????????????????,??“??????????????”????

(??)??????

1. ??

2018??,?????????????«???????????????:???????????????????»,??????????????????????????,?,????,????????????????“??????????????????????”(electro-mobility,???????????????????????????????????????????????)?

??????“?”(CEF),???????????,??????????????????????????????????????????,???,?????????,??????????????

2. ?

2017?????????,???????????????????????????????????????????“????????”,??????????,??????,???????,????[23]

2018?????,?«???»,???????????????????????????????????????????,??[24]?,?:?;??????,?;?,?;???????????;?????????????(???);???

???????????????,??????????????????????,???????????????“????”?????????????“??????????”???,?,?????????

(??????????????)??????

1. ???????

2022????????????????,???????????????????«??????????????????????????????»,?????????????2025???320???(GW)?????2030?600?????????[25]?????,????????????????????

?,????:?????“???”,????????????????;??;??,???;???

2. ????????????????

????????????,??,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:????????????,????????;??????,?;??????????????;???;???????

2024??????????,??????????????????????????????????«??»,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????(?????????????????)?????????????????“??”??????,?????,???????????

???,?????????????,?????????????“??????????”??????????“????????????????”???????????????,???????????????????,???????????????

?????????????????????????????:????????????????????? - ??????????

(?????)??????:?“?????????????????????”??

??2006??????????,??????????“?????????????”????????????«???????????»«??????????????????????????????»«?»?,??,???“????????????????????????”???????,???

?????????????,“?????????????????”??“???”????????????,????????????????????,???2020?2?????2026????????????12???????????????31?????????????,??????7230??,????????3380???????????????,3850??????????????????????????,????37%????????????????????????2024??4?????????????????????,?????????????879???,?????“??????????”??25.7%?[26]

“????????”(CEF)???????????????«?????????????????????»?????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????2021-2027?,???????59.4????????????????????[27]

“??”?????,?????:“?”“????”??????????????????????????????“??????”?“???????”????????????,“???????????????”????????????????“????????”????????????,“???????????”?????????????[28]“????”??????????????????2023?,???????2021-2022?????2273.5???????????

(??)?????????????????:???

???????????“??????”????,?“?”??????????????????????????,????!

????,?????,??????,?????????????,??,??????[29]

?????????8???????????????????????????????20???????,??????,?????,?“?????????????????????????????????????????????”???????????????????????????,???,????????“??”?“????????????”?????????,???????????????,???????????????,??????????????,????“??????????”,???????????[30]

????,????2035??????????,?????,?????(??????????????)??????????????????????????????????,???,????[31]

2024???8?????????9??????????????,????(WT/DS626????),[32]????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«?»?????????????6???«???????????»??????1??????2?????????????????10????????????????????17??????????????????????19??????22?????32?,??????????,??

(???????????????)???:?????????????????????“???”??????????

?????,??????????????????,????«?????????????????????»«???????????»«???????????????????????????»?????????????,???????????????“????????????????????”????,??????,????“????????????????????”????????????????????????,?????

?????????????????,?,???????????,??????,???????,?“??”????????????????????????

???????1957???????????????????????«??»????????????????“???”??????????,?????????«?????????????????????»????????????,???????????????????????????????????????,??“?????????????”??????????

????????,2018???????2024??????8???,???????“???????”?????????????????,???????????????????????????362???????????(?????????320????????????),??68??(?21%),???????61???????????????????(????????17%)?[33]?????,???????????????,??????“???????”???????????

??????????|??????????? ???????? ????????????

?

[1]????????:

[2]??????????????????«?????»?????????298???????????51?????52??????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]????????????????????:??????????????????,2024?????????????4???

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

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[31]

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