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2024??????8??????20?????????,?(AS689)??,[1]???????17%-36.3%?????(??????????????????????9%)???????????2023?????9???????????13???????????????????,????????????????????????,?????????????????2023???????10??????????4?????????,??????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????
??????,?????????,??????,????????????????(?????)???????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????«??????????????»???????,?????????????????????????????????????????2019????«???»??????,??,?????????????????????2020??????????,?????????«?????»,????????????????????????,?????????????????,???,????,???????????
????????????????????????,??????
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(??)???,?????????
1. ???
??,???????????????????????1951?????????,???(?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)?«???»,????????????????????????????????(ECSC),?,????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????
1957?????????,?????????«???»??????????????????????«??»???????????????????????????????(Euratom),????????????(?????????????),????????????,?????????????,?????????????????????????(EEC),???????????????,????????????,???????????????????????????????????92????????????????94?????(state aid),????[2]
2. ?????????????????????
1965???????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????«??????????»,?????,???????????,????,??????????«???????????»?????
1974??????????????,??????«???1985???????????????????????»,??????????????1985??????????50%,????,??????????[3]
?????????????,????????????????????,????,???????,????????????????????????????,?????
(??????)???????????????
1980?????,?????«?????1990??»,????????????????????????,?????[4]?????1974?????????????????
1986?,????????????????«????????»,[5]?,??,????????????????
??????????????????,????????????????,????,?????????
?????????????????????????????
1992???????????,??????«?»(?????«?»),????????????????????????????????????????(EU),???????????????????????????????(EEC)????????????????????(EC),???????«???????????»????«?????»???????????????
???????????«????»???????,???????????????????????????????,«????»?????????????????130???????,??????
???????,??,????????????????????????????????????????????????????
(?????????)???????
1995??,???????????????????«??»???????????,???????????????????,??????[6]
1997?,????«????:??????????»??,[7]????????????,??????,????????????????????????????????????????????????
2000???,???????????????????«??»????????????????,??????????????????????????,??????????[8]
?????,??????????????????,??????
(????????????????????)???????????
?,???????2006???????????????????«?????????????????»?????,????????????????????????,?,??????????,?????????????????[9]
2007?,??????«???»,??????«?»?«?????»,??????????«??????»??«?????????»?????????,«???????»????????????????88??????????????4???????,???????,?????????«???????????????????»??????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????[10]
2010?????????,???????????«??????2020?????????????????????????????????????»,????????,?????[11]
2011????????????????????????,???????«2050??????»,?????????????2020?,????????,?(???????????)???????????????,????????[12]
??,?????,???
????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??«?»????????????107???????????,????,?????????(?),??
????????????????????????????????????????????:??????,????????????????????????,??????,????????;?,????????????
???????2023???7?WTO???,[13]????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????,?2021-2022??????????????2273.5??
??????????????,?????????????,??????????????,????
(??????????????????????)???????????????????????????????
1. ??????????????????????????????????
2014???????????????????????,???«2030????????»,?????????2030?????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????,???????????????????,??????????2030??????27%,???????????[14]
2015?????????????????,????«??????????????????????»,???????,???????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,??,????????[15]
2018????????????,????«???»,?????????????????????????????2030????????????????????32%,?????????????????????????[16]
???,?«????????????????????????????????????»,?????????????????????2050?????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????,??????????????,????????????????[17]
2. ??????«???»?«??????»???????
2019?,???????????????«???????»,???????,???????????,??????????2030????????1990??????????????????55%???????????????????2050?????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????,????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????,«?»??:???;??????????????????????????;????????????????????,????????????????,????????????????????????,?????,????????????????[18]
2020???3??????????????,?«?»,?????????????????:????????;????????????;???????????????2021??????????????5??????????[19]??,???????????,?????????,???????????????,?????????,????????????????????(IPCEI)???????,????????????
2022??,??????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????,?????REPowerEU????,???????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????,???????2030?????????????????????????????45%,???????????[20]
3. ???
2023???????????????,???«??»,??«??????»,????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????[21]
2024?,?????????«?????»???«????????????????????????»????????«???????????????»???
«?»????[22]??????????????;??????????2030???????????????,??????????40%;???????????(NZSPs),???,??????????;??????«???»????????????????,?????????????????????????????????
«???»??????,???2030????,??????????,??????????????????????????-????????????????????????,????????????????????
(??)??????
1. ??
2018??,?????????????«???????????????:???????????????????»,??????????????????????????,?,????,??????????????????????????????????????(electro-mobility,???????????????????????????????????????????????)?
???????(CEF),???????????,??????????????????????????????????????????,???,?????????,??????????????
2. ?
2017?????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????,??????,???????,????[23]
2018?????,?«???»,???????????????????????????????????????????,??[24]?,?:?;??????,?;?,?;???????????;?????????????(???);???
???????????????,??????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????,?,?????????
(??????????????)??????
1. ???????
2022????????????????,???????????????????«??????????????????????????????»,?????????????2025???320???(GW)?????2030?600?????????[25]?????,????????????????????
?,????:????????,????????????????;??;??,???;???
2. ????????????????
????????????,??,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:????????????,????????;??????,?;??????????????;???;???????
2024??????????,??????????????????????????????????«??»,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????(?????????????????)?????????????????????????,?????,???????????
???,?????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????,???????????????
?????????????????????????????:????????????????????? - ??????????
(?????)??????:????????????????????????
??2006??????????,???????????????????????????????????«???????????»«??????????????????????????????»«?»?,??,??????????????????????????????????,???
?????????????,??????????????????????????????????,????????????????????,???2020?2?????2026????????????12???????????????31?????????????,??????7230??,????????3380???????????????,3850??????????????????????????,????37%????????????????????????2024??4?????????????????????,?????????????879???,?????????????????25.7%?[26]
????????(CEF)???????????????«?????????????????????»?????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????2021-2027?,???????59.4????????????????????[27]
???????,?????:?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????[28]??????????????????????2023?,???????2021-2022?????2273.5???????????
(??)?????????????????:???
?????????????????????,????????????????????????????,????!
????,?????,??????,?????????????,??,??????[29]
?????????8???????????????????????????????20???????,??????,?????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???,????????????????????????????????,???????????????,???????????????,??????????????,??????????????,???????????[30]
????,????2035??????????,?????,?????(??????????????)??????????????????????????????????,???,????[31]
2024???8?????????9??????????????,????(WT/DS626????),[32]????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«?»?????????????6???«???????????»??????1??????2?????????????????10????????????????????17??????????????????????19??????22?????32?,??????????,??
(???????????????)???:??????????????????????????????????
?????,??????????????????,????«?????????????????????»«???????????»«???????????????????????????»?????????????,???????????????????????????????????????,??????,????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????
?????????????????,?,???????????,??????,???????,???????????????????????????
???????1957???????????????????????«??»?????????????????????????????,?????????«?????????????????????»????????????,???????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????
????????,2018???????2024??????8???,???????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????362???????????(?????????320????????????),??68??(?21%),???????61???????????????????(????????17%)?[33]?????,???????????????,????????????????????????
??????????|??????????? ???????? ????????????
?
[1]????????:
[2]??????????????????«?????»?????????298???????????51?????52??????
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]????????????????????:??????????????????,2024?????????????4???
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]?????????????:
[30]?????????????:
[31]
[32]????????(WT/DS626?????????????????):
[33] ????????????????????:???????