????:1??????:??????????

2??????

3?????????

4????????

5????????

???????75???75???,???????????????????????,????????,?????????????,?????????????,???????????????????,????????????????????

??????,?????,?????,2023???????????????????????223????????????????GDP??????????89???????43.6??????????????????……???????????75?,“??”????75??????????,?“??????????”???????,?????????????????????,??????

??? ????????????

??7.9%

?

??,???????????,???????????????,??????????????????????????????,???1952?679??????????,??1978??????????????????3679??????????;??????????,????,1986???????????1?????????????????????,2000?10??????????????????????????????,2006????????20????,??????12???????????????????10??????????,2020???????????100?????????????????????????????,2023????126??,?????????????,2023????????1952?223??????????,????7.9%;????,19792023????????8.9%,??3.0%???????

??GDP?????????8.9??????????

????????

1952?,??GDP??????119????,????,??????GDP?????????????2019????????,???GDP??70078?,???10158?,?1?????????????;2023???89358????,?1952?????????89?????????????,??6.5%,???12681??????????,???????3?????????1.2?????????????????,2023?????(GNI)??????1.34???????,????

??

?

??,???????,??????????????1952????,???????????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%????,?????????,???????????

?????????,???????,??,??,??????????2023??????????,???????????????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%???,????????????9?1.3?????????,?????????????,?,???????????????????????????,???,?????????????“?+”???

“????”?????????22.4??????????

?

??????????,????,??????????,??????????,?????????????????????

20132023?????,????????8.7%?10.3%,??,???????????????????????5G??????????,“?????”??????????????,??????????????????????

????2023?,???421???????????;?,?????????????????????????????????

???????????????????,???????????,“???????”??????????????2023??,???“?”???????????????????22.4?????????????,????GDP??17.73%?

????????

??????

1949?????2.2??,??8.1??????????,?????75????,???,??,?????????????,?????????????????????????

2023?,??????????????15.9?,??????????1949??????????6????????????????????????,????????????????4.5??,?2/3???????;?544???????????,??66?,??18.4???,??????????;??????????12.8????????,????74.1%;?????????????876?????????????????????????????,2023??1.7?????????,?????2016???10???????????????????????????,????,??????????????????????????

???3.92?

????????????

1949??????49.7????1978??????????,????????171?????????????,???????151???,????,????????????????,???????????,???,???????????2023?,?39218????????????,???????1949?76??????????????,?????6.0%;???26796???????,??????????????????????????????1956??????????????????36???????,???????????????????5.5%?

?,?????????????????,????????2023?????????????,?????29.8%,?????1978???34.1???;??45.2%,????????2013????5.5?????,??????????,??????2023??????????,???????49.7??????????,???145.9??,????????????2013???????2.9??2.1??????????

?

?

??????????,???????????????????????,???

????????????,????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????,?,????????,??,????

2023?,???????????????????????10.66??????,?????1989??????10.09?????;????????????????????2.44??3.02??,???????????????1994????1.64????????????2.84???????????????????,???,???????,?????????

9899????????

????

???,?????????????????????????????20?????5070????,????????????,???????,????????????“?????”????????????????????,??????????????????????????,???????????????

????,?,????????????????????8?????????????,????????????2020????9899??,832?????????,12.8?????????,??,???????????????,?10?????«????????2030?»????,????,????

??60%

????????????

???????????????????,??????????????????????????????,???????????,???

2023?????????,?????????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;????1.6?????????4542??????,??????????1949??????????6.4????????103?????????,?(OECD)????????

?????,?,???????2023?????????,?????????60%,??;??1982???8????11.05???????,?????????????????????????????????????

????

?

1950??????????????,??????11.3?????????,????????????1978?206????,????????????,2001????????,?????,?????????

????,?,????????????,??????????????1978???????????1%????2023???12.4%,???7???????“????????????”??,???150??????????30??????????230?????????“????????????????”??,??25??????????200?????????,?????“?????????”?

????????????

????

????????,??,????????,???,??????????????1999?????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????2012?,?????,??4.9,???????1952????????8.1?

?????????,?????????????????????????????????,????????20132023??????????????,??????????????????????????????????6.9%?7.1%,???2023??????????????????????????,??????????????????????????46.7%?24.4%,??????????2012?????2.9?????????0.9?????????

??????????????46.3?

??????????????????

?,??????,????1956?“?”?,??????????????????????????????,????,???????????????????,??????????

???,????????????,????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????“?????????”,???????,????????????11????????,?,???????????????????2023??,????????,??????????????46.3??????????

?66%

?????

?????????????????????,?????1949????????????????10.64%,1978?????17.92%????,?????????,???????????????2023?,?????????????9.3???,?????????1978?????????7.6???;???????????66.16%,??????????48.24???????????

???????????????,??,????????,??2023??????????,????????48.3%,????????????????2015???8.4??????????,?????,??,???????2012????2.88:1???????????2023???2.39:1?2023???,???????12.4:1,??????2013???1.4?2023?????460?????????,?99%?????????,?14.4?????????

???????3246???????????????????????6833???????????????

???????

1949????????????,???????????,?,?,????????????2023????,????????3246??????????????????6833???????????,????????1949?????59??????????325???;?119????????????(?????)?

??,?????????????????,???????,??,??2022?,???????????????4.46%,?2013??0.77????????????????;???????????2012???????888?????????????????????2023??????????1622????????????

???78.6???

???????????????????

???????????????????????,?????????,????????????????75??????????,??,??????????????,?????2023????????,??????????107??????,??1017??,?1249???????????

???????,?????????,?????????,??2023????????,??????13.34??,???????????2018????95%??2023?????????????,?78.6??????,??1949???43.6???,????????????

???????????24.02%

?????????????????

20?????????50???,??,??????,??????????????????,?“?”??????????????2022????????,?????????9014?????,??????????20??????????80????????????25?????30??????;?18%,?????????????????

???,“?????????????????”?????????????????????24.02%?2023????????????,???(PM2.5)??2016??????????28.6%,?????????????????????????21.6????????,??????????????,??????“????”????“???????????”,????????(??????????????????) ??:?????