????:1??????????:????

2???????

3?????????

4?????spa????

5??????????

?????10??????????????????14?????????????????(??????)2024?????????????“??????????”?????????????????????10??????14?????,2024??????,Daron Acemoglu,Simon Johnson?James A. Robinson???????????

“????”???????

????“?????”????????,????????“????”,?????????“?”????????

?1968???????????????????????,?????????????????????,??????????????????,?????

???“???????????”,??????,??67????????????2007????(Leonid Hurwicz),???,???????????90???????2019?????(Esther Duflo),?46??????

??????????????,?????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????2009???(Elinor Ostrom)?

???????????????????????????:????????????????????????

??????“???????????”?

???????????1969????????2024???????????????,???56?????????????,??90??????????????????????????????????????,?????????????

“????,??,???”??????

1994??????????????????“????????????????”????«????????????»?????????????2015??????????????????,??????????????????

2002???,??“???,????”?????????????

????:2018????????????????????

2018??????????????????,????(William D. Nordhaus)??????????????????(Paul M. Romer),??????:“??”?“????”?

?,???????????????,??,????????????????????

??????????

????????????,??????????,???????????“?”,“??”?

2017?????????????????????????????????????(Richard Thaler)??“??????????????”?,????,??????,????????????,???????????????,???????

???,?????????????????

????????,????????7????????????,???????????????500????????????5????,????????????????????????????

???:2019??????????,????????

2019??,????????????????????????,?????????????????,?????????????????????,??????????????????????,???????????

“2019??????????????????,?,??????????????”???(??????)

?????:???