????:1???????????:????

2?????????

3????????

4??????????

5???????

????????75??????????????75????????????,??????????????,???????????????????,??????????????????,?????,???????????,????????????????

??,?,????????????,2023?223???????????????????????GDP?????????89???43.6????????????……????75??,“?????????”?75??,???????????????????“??”????,????????????????,????????

????????? ????????????

???7.9%

???

????????????,?????????,?????????,????????,????1952?679????????,?1978?3679????????????;?,???,1986??1???????????,2000?????10?????????,2006????????20?,??????????12???10?,2020???????????100??????????,2023???126??????????,????????????????????,2023????1952???223????????????????,?????????????????????7.9%;???????????,19792023?????????????8.9%,????3.0%???

????GDP??????????8.9?????????????????

???????????

1952???,????????????GDP?119????????????????????????,????,?????????GDP?????????2019?,??GDP?????????70078???????????????????????,?????????10158?????????????????,????1???????;2023??89358????,??????????1952????????????89?????????,?????6.5%,??12681????????????,????????????3?????????1.2???????????????????????????,2023??????????(GNI)????1.34???????????????,???

??????

?

?????????,??????,??????1952????????????,???????????????????????????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%???????????????????????,????????????????,???????????????

?,???????,??????,????????,????????2023??,????????????????????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%???????????,???????????????????????????9????1.3????????????,?????????,??????,????????????????????????????????????????????,??,?“???+”?????

“????”??????????????????22.4???????????

??????

?,????,???????,??????????????,???????????????????

20132023??????????,??????????????????????????8.7%?10.3%,?,????????????????????????5G????????????,“????????????????”????????????,???????????????????????????????

??????2023?????????,??421??????;?,??????

?????,???????????????????????,“??”???????2023??,????????????????“?”???22.4????????,??GDP???17.73%?

?????

?

1949??????????2.2??????????,?????????8.1??????????,?????75????,??????????????????????,???????,?????????????????????????????,????????

2023????????,?15.9???????,??????????1949??6??????????????,??????4.5?????,?2/3???????????????????????;?????544?,?66??,?????????????18.4?????,?;???12.8????,?????????74.1%;????876???????????????????????,2023??1.7??????????,???2016?10???????,??????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????

?3.92?????????????

??

1949???49.7???1978???????????????????,??????????171??,????????151??????,?????????,????,???,???,???2023??,??????????39218???????????????,??1949?????????????76?????????,????6.0%;???26796???????,???????????1956????????36????????????????,??????????5.5%?

????????,?????????????????,??2023??,?????????29.8%,?1978?34.1?;??45.2%,???2013?5.5????????????,??????,??????????2023??????,??????????49.7????????,?????????145.9???????????????????,????2013??????2.9?????????2.1??????????

???

????????

?,???????????????????????????????????,????????????????

??????????????,????????????????????????,???????????????????????,???????,??,???????,??

2023?,???????10.66????????,??????????????1989??10.09?;??????2.44?????????3.02?,??????????1994????1.64????????????????????2.84????????????????????,???????????????????,????????,??

9899???????????????

???

????????,??????????????????????20?????5070????,???,??????????????????????,?????????“????”?,?????????,??????

?????????,??????????,??????8?????????????,?????????2020?9899????????????????,832????????????,12.8????,????,???????????????????????,???10?????????«?????????2030????????»????,??,??????

?????????????????????60%

?????

?,????????????,??,?????

2023??,????????????????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;?????????????????????1.6?????4542??,??1949??6.4??????103?,?(OECD)?????????????????????

?,??,???????????2023??,??60%,?????;?1982?8???????????11.05?,??????????????????

????

??

1950?????,????11.3???????????,?1978?206????????????????????,??????????????,2001??????????????,????,????????

????????????,???,?????????????,???????????????????1978?????????????????1%?????2023?????12.4%,???????????7???????“????????????”?,??????????150???30???230???????????“???”????????????,???????????25???200?????????????,?????????“??”?

??

??????????

???????????,??????,??????????????,???????,??1999??,??????????????????????????2012??????????,????????????,??????????????????????????4.9,???1952?????8.1?

?????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????20132023?????????????,????????????6.9%?7.1%,??????2023?????????,????????????46.7%?24.4%,??????????????2012??2.9???0.9??????

????????????46.3???????????????????????

???

?????????,?,???1956?“???”????????,??????????,?????,??,??????????

?????,???????????,????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????“???”,????????????????????,??????????11?????????,?????,????2023?????????????,??????,???????????????????????46.3???????

???66%

??

??????????????,??1949?10.64%,1978????????17.92%???,????????????????????????????,???????????2023???,???9.3???,???????????1978??7.6??????????;???????????66.16%,????????????48.24??

???,?????????????,??,??????????2023??????????????????,??????????????48.3%,?2015???8.4???????????????,???,????,??????????????????2012????2.88:1????????????2023???2.39:1?2023????????,????????12.4:1,?????????????2013??1.4?2023???460?????????,??99%??????????,?????14.4??????????????

???3246????????6833??????????????

???

1949?,?????????,????,?,???????????2023??????????,?????????3246?????????????????6833?????????????,????????1949??59?????????325??????????????????????????;??119????(???????????)?

??????????,??,????,????,????2022???????,????????4.46%,???????????2013????????????????????0.77???????;??????????2012??????888???????2023??1622??

????????78.6??

??

??????,????????,???????????????????????????????75?,???????,???????,???????2023???????????????????,??????????107??????????????????,????????1017????,??????????1249??????????????

????,???????????,??,??2023???,???????13.34????????,????2018???95%???2023???????????,????78.6??,????1949????????????43.6???,???

?24.02%

??????????

20?50??????????????????????????????,????,????????????,????????,??????“??????????”??2022????,??????????9014??,??20????????80??25?30?????????????;???????????????18%,??????

??,“??????????”?????????????????????24.02%?2023??,??????????????(PM2.5)??????????????2016??????????28.6%,???????21.6??????????????????????????????,??????????????????,??????“??????????”??“???”,??(???????) ????????:??