???“????????????”??????

????:????wx:????????

?????????? ?

2024??8??????????20?????,?(AS689)??????????,[1]????????????17%-36.3%?????????????????(???9%)??2023???9????????????13????????“??”??????????,????????????,??????????????2023?????????10?4??????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????“?”????????????????????,????

??,??????,????????,??????????????????“????????”(??????????????????)?????,??????????«??????»????????????,?“?”???????????2019????????????«???????????????»???????????????????????????,??????,?????????????“?”??2020????,?????????«??????»,?????????????,??????????????????“???????????????????????”???????????,??,????????????????????????,???

??????????????“??????????????”?????????????????????,??????

???????????

(?????)?????,??

1. ???????????????

????????????,??????????????1951???????,??????(?????????????????????????????????????????????????????)?????????????????«????»,??????????????????????“??????????????????????”(ECSC),???????,??????????,???????????????????????????????????????

1957????????????????,????????«???????????????»??«?????????????????»??????“?”(Euratom),????????(?????),??????????,???????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????“??”(EEC),?????????,??????????????????,??????????92?94???????????(state aid),??????[2]

2. ???

1965?????,?????????????????«??????»,??,????,????????????????,???????????«??????????????????»????????

1974???????????????????,??????????????????????«??1985????»,?1985???????50%,?????????????????,????[3]

?????????,?,?????????????????????????,??????,??????,??????????????????

(??????????)????????

1980???????????,?«??????1990???»,?,????[4]???????????????1974?????????????????

1986???????????,?????«????????????????????»,[5]??????????????,??????????????????????,?????

???????????,??????????,?????,???

????????????????

1992???????,?«???»(???«?»),??????“??”(EU),????????????????????????????“???????”(EEC)???????????“??”(EC),?????«?????»???????????????????????«?????????????????»?????????

???????????«??????»???????????????,????,«?????»????????130??????????????????????????,????

??,?????,?????????????“?”??????

(?)??

1995???,???????????«??????????????????????????»????????,????????,????[6]

1997??????,?????????????????????«???????:?????????????????»??????????????????????,[7]??????????,??????,???????????????????????????????

2000???,??????????«???»?????????,?????????????????????,???????[8]

?,?????????????,?????????

(??)??

????????????????,??2006???????«????????????»????????,????????????????,??,???????,??????????????????????[9]

2007????????,??????????«??????????????»,??????????????????«???????»?????????????????????«????»,?????«?????»????«??»???????,«?????????????»????????????????????????88?????????????????????4??????,??????,???????????????«?????????»???????????????????????????“?????”???,???????[10]

2010?,?????«??????????????2020????»,??????????,????????[11]

2011?????,????????????????«2050?????????????????????»,???????????????2020???????????,????????,????????????????????????(????????????????????????????)????????????????,???????????[12]

?,???,?????????

????????????????????????????“?????”?

?«?????????????»????107??,?????????????????,???(???),??

??????“??????????”????????????:?,????????????????,???,??????;?????,?????????????????????????

?2023?????????7????????WTO??????????,[13]???????????????????????????????,????????????“????”?????????“??????”??,????????????,???2021-2022??????????????????????????????2273.5???????

???,??????“?????????????”?????????????,?????,?????????

(???????????????????????????????)??????????????????????“??????????????”????????

1. ???“???”?

2014??????,?????«2030??????????????????»,???????????????????????????2030????????????????,???????????????,???????????????????????,????????????????????????2030??????27%,?????????????????????????[14]

2015?????????????,???????????«?????»,??????????“???????????????”,?????????????????????????,?????“?????????????????”??????????,??????,???[15]

2018??????????????,????«??????????????»,????2030???????32%,????????????????[16]

???????????????????,?«?????????????????????????????????????????????»,????????????????2050???“????????????????????”????????????????,??“??????????????????????????”?????????????????????????,????????????,????????,???????????????????[17]

2. ????«???????»?????«????????»??????????????“???????”????????

2019?????,?????????????????«?»,???????????????,?,???????????????????2030???????????1990?55%?????????????????????2050??????????“??”???????????????????

??????????????????,???“??????????????”????????????,??????????????,????????????????“?”???????????????????????,«??»???????????:???????????????;??????????????;?????????????????????????????,??,??????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????,?????????????[18]

2020????????????3????,???«?????????????»,?:?????????;????????????“????????????????????????”;???2021???????????5?????????????[19]?,???????????????,????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,?????,?????????????????“???????????????????????”(IPCEI)??????,???????????????????????????

2022????????????,???????????,??????????????????????,???????“REPowerEU”?????,????????????????????????,??????,????2030????????45%,????????[20]

3. ??

2023??,????«?????????»,?????????????????«????»,???,?????????“??”??[21]

2024?????,????«????????»?????????????«?»??????????????«????????????????????»?????????

«?????????????»????????[22]????????“?????”???;??????2030??????????????,???????????40%;????????????????“?????????”(NZSPs),??????????,???????????????;????«??????»???????????,????????????????

«??»???????????????????????,????????????2030???,???????????,?-????????????????????????????????????????,??????“??????????”???????????????????????

(???????????????)???????????

1. ??

2018?????,????«???????????????????:??????????????????????????????»,?????????????,??????,????????????,?????“???????”(electro-mobility,??????????????????)?

??????????“?????????????”(CEF),???,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????,????????????????,?????????????????????????

2. ???????????????????

2017????????????????,?????????????????????????“?????????????”,??,???????,??????????????,?????????????????[23]

2018??,???«??????»,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????[24]?????,????:??????????????;?????????????????????,???????????????;?????,???????;??;????????????????(???????);????

???????,?????????????,?????????????????“?”?????????????“????????”??????,????,???????????????

(???)?????????????????????

1. ?

2022?????????????????????,??«?????»,??2025??????????????????????????????320???????(GW)??????????????2030?????????????????600?????????????????[25]???????????????,???????

??????????????????????,???????????????????:?????????“???????”,??;????????????????????????;??????????????,???????????;??

2. ?????????

????????,?????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:?,???????????;?,??;???????;?????????????????;???????????????????????

2024??????????????,???????«??????»,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????(?????????)??????????????????????????????“???”?????????????????????,?,????

?,??,??????????????????????????????????????????“???”???????????????“?????”?????????????,???,???????

???????:????????? - ????????

(?)????????:????????????????“???”???????????

??????????????????????????2006???????????,????????“???????????????”????????????????????????????????«?»«?»«?»???,???,?????????“???????????????????”???????????????,?????????

??????????,“?????????????”?“????????????”???,???????,?????????2020?????2????????????????????????2026?????????12????????????????????????31???????????????,??????????7230??????????,???????3380??????,3850?????????,??37%??????????????2024?????4??,??879???????????,????????“????”???25.7%?[26]

“??????”(CEF)???«????????»????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????2021-2027???????????????,????59.4???????[27]

“???????”???????????????????,?????????????????:“???????????????”“????”???????“???????????????????????????”?“?????????????????????”???????????,“???”?????“?????”???????,“???”????????[28]“??????”??????????????????2023??????,?????????2021-2022???????????????????2273.5???

(?)??:?????

???“???????????”?,???????????????????????“???????????????????”???????????????,??????!

???????,??????,??,?????????????????,????????????,??[29]

??????????????????8??????20??,?????,???????????,???????????????“??????????????????????????????????????”???,?????????????????,?????“??”?“???????”?????????????,??????????????,??????,?????????????,?????????“??”,???????????????????????????[30]

?????,?2035????,???????????????,????????????????(??????)???????,????,???[31]

2024?8?9?????????????,????(WT/DS626?????),[32]???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«?????????»?6?????????????????????«??»?????????????1???????????????????????????????2????????????????????????????10??17??????19??????????????????22??32????????????????????????,???,????

(?????)???:??????????????????“?????????????”??????

?????,??????????????????????????,???????????«????»«???»«??????????»?,??????????????????“??????”????,?,?????????????????“???????????????????”????????????????????????????,???

???????,?????????????????,???????????????????,???????,??????????????????,?????“??????????”??????????

??????????1957?«??»???????????????“?”???,?????«????»?????????????????????,????????????????????,?“???”??????????

???,2018???2024??????8???,??“?????”?,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????362???????????????(???320?????????????????),???68?????(???21%),???????????????????61????????????????????(?17%)?[33]??????????????????????????????,??????????,?????????????“??????????????”????

????|????? ? ??

???????

[1]???????????:

[2]????«???»??298???51????????????52?????????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]???????????????:?????????????????????????????????????????????,2024???????????????4???????????????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]??:

[30]??????????????????????:

[31]

[32]?????(WT/DS626??????????????):

[33] ?????????????????????:?????????????