????:1?????400????:????????

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4????????????

5???????????

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??????????1968????,????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????,????

??????????????????“????????”,?????????????,???67???????????????2007??(Leonid Hurwicz),??,????90??????????????2019?????(Esther Duflo),????46??

??????,????????????????,???????????????????2009????????????(Elinor Ostrom)?

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??????????????1969???????????2024????,?56???????????????,???????????90???????????????,???????????

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1994??????????????“????”???????????????????????????«???»??????????2015???????????,????????????????????????

2002?????,?“?,????”???

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2018???????????????????????????,???????????(William D. Nordhaus)??????????????????????????????(Paul M. Romer),?????:“???????”?“???????????”?

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