????????????“??????”???

????:??????????:????wx

??????????? ??

2024?8???????20????????????????,???????????(AS689)?????????????????,[1]?17%-36.3%???(??????????????9%)??????????????2023??????9???????????13??“??”??????????????,??,??????????2023??????????10?????4???????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?“????????????????????????”?,????????????????

????????,????????????????,?????????????????????,????????“????????????”(??????????????????????????????????)?????,???????????????????????????????????«?»????????????,?“????”??????????????2019????????????«????????????»???,?????????,?????????????????“????????????”??????????????????2020?????,?«??????»,????????????,???????????“???”???????????????,?????????????????,?,?????

?????“?????”??,???????????

???????????????????

(??)???,???????

1. ??????

???????????,?????????1951????????????????,?????(?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)??????????«??????????»,??????“??”(ECSC),??????????,?????,?????????????????????????????????

1957???????,???????«?????????????????»???«????????»??????????????????????“????”(Euratom),??????(???????????),?,??,????????????????????“???????”(EEC),??????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????,????????????????????????????92????94???(state aid),???????[2]

2. ?????????????????

1965?????????,????????????«?»,????????,???????????????????,???,????«??????»?????

1974?????????????????????????,?«?1985????????????????»,????????????1985??????50%,????????????????????,?????????????[3]

???????????,??????????????,??????????????????????????,??????,???,??

(???)?????????????????????????????????

1980??????????,?????«??????????????1990???????????????»,????????????,??????[4]????1974??

1986???,???????«??????????»,[5]???,????????????????,???

???????????,??????????????????????????????,??????,?????

???????????????????????????????

1992????????????????????,???????????????«???»(????«??????»),????“?????”(EU),?????????????“??????”(EEC)??????????????????“???????”(EC),???«??????»????????«??????????????????»?????????????????????????

??????????«????????»??????,????????????????????????????????????????,«????????????????????»????????????130????????????,?????????????????????????????

??????????????,?????????????,???“???”??

(????????)???????????????????????

1995?????,?????«??»?????,????????,????????[6]

1997???????????????????,?«?????:??????????»???????,[7]?????????????,???????,?????????????????

2000?????,???????«????»?????????,?,??[8]

???,?????,???????????

(????????????????????)???

?????????????????,????????????????2006?????????????????????«???????»?????????????,??????????????????,????????????????,???,????[9]

2007??????,??????????????????????«?????????»,???????«?????»?????«????????????????????????»,??????????????????????????????«??????????????»??«????????????????????????»?????,«??????»???88??4???,??,???????«???????????»??“?”??????????????,??????????????[10]

2010??????????????,??«????????2020?????????????????????»,?,????[11]

2011??,???????????«2050?????????????????»,???2020?,????????,??(????????????????????????????)????????,?????????[12]

???,??,??

???????????“??????????????????????????????”??????

?????????«????????»??????????????107??,??????????????????????????????????????????,??(??????????????????????),?????????????????????

???????????????????“?????????????”??:??????,??????????????,????????,??;?,??????????????

??????????2023???????????7???????????????????????????????WTO????????,[13]???????????????????????????,???????????“????”???“???”??,???????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????2021-2022?????2273.5??????????????

??????????,?“?”???,???,??????????

(???????????????)???????????????????“?????”???????

1. ????“???”?

2014????,????????????????«2030????????»,?2030????,???????????,???????????????????,?????????????2030???????27%,????????????????????????????????????[14]

2015????????????????????????,?«?????????????????»,????????????????“???”,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????“??”????????????,?????,????[15]

2018??????????????????????,?«???????????????»,???????2030?32%,???[16]

?????,???????«????????????????????????????????????????????????»,???2050???????????????????“????????????”????????,?“????????????????????????????????”??????,???????????????????????????,?????????,???????????[17]

2. ??????«???????»?????????????«???????????»??????????????“?????????”?????????

2019?????????,???«???????»,??????????????,?????????????????,?????2030??1990????????55%???2050?????“?????”?????????????????????????

????????????????????????,??????“???????????”???,??????????????????????????????????,?????????????????“??”????????????????????????,«????????»?:???????????;????????????????;????????,????????????????????,??????????,???????????????????????,?????????????????[18]

2020???????????3??????,????????«?????»,???:???????;??“???????????????????”;????????????2021??????????????5??????????????????[19]????,??,????????????,?????????????,?????????????,???????????????“???????????????????????”(IPCEI)?,??????????

2022??????????,????,????????,???????????“REPowerEU”??????????????,??????????????????????,??????????????,????2030????????45%,????[20]

3. ??????????????

2023?????,?????«??????»,???«??»,??????????,??????“????????????????”?????????[21]

2024????,?????????????«???????????????????????????????????»????«?»?????????????????????«?????»??????????????????????????????

«????»?????[22]???“???”???????????????????????;?2030??,?????40%;????“?????????”(NZSPs),?????,???????;??«?»???,???????????????????????????????

«???????????»??,?2030??????????????????????????????,????????????????,???????-??????????????????,?????????????“?????????????????????”?????????????

(??????????????)???

1. ?

2018?,??«????????:????????????????»,????????????,?,???????,???“????”(electro-mobility,?????????????????????????????????????)?

??????“????”(CEF),???,????????????????????????????,????,??,?????????????????????

2. ???????????

2017????????????,?????????????????“??????”,???,???????,??????????????????????,???????????[23]

2018?????????????,????«?????»,??????????????????????????????,??????[24]?,????:???;???,??;?,??????????????????????;???????;??????????????(?????????);????????

????????????,???,????????????????????????????“??????”???????????????????????????????????????“??????”??,?????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????

(???)???????????????????

1. ?

2022??????????????,???«?????»,??????????2025??????????????????????????320?????????????????????(GW)??????????????????????2030?????600?????????[25]???,?????

?,??:??????“??????????”,?????????????;????????????????????;??????????,???????;???

2. ????????????????

?,????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:???????????????,????????????????;?,?;????;???????????????????;?????????????????

2024??,???????????????????????«?»,???????????????????????,?(??????????)?????????????????????????????????????“??”?????,?????,??????????????

????????,??????????????????????,????????“?????????????”?????????????????“??”??????????,??????,?????

????????????????????????????????????:?? - ???????????????????

(?)???????????:???“?”??

????????????????????2006?,???????????“?”????????????????????????????????«??????????????????»«??????»«???????????????????????????»??,???????,?????????????????????????????“?????????”???????,???

????????????,“??????????”??????????????????“????????????”???????????,???????????????,?????2020??????????????????????????2???????????????2026???????????12???????31??????????,?7230??????,???????????????????????3380???????????????????????,3850?????????????????????,???37%???????2024?4??????????,??879?????????????????,?“????????????????????????????????”???????????25.7%?[26]

“????????????????????”(CEF)?????«?????»???,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????2021-2027??????????????????,???????????????59.4?????[27]

“???”??????????????,???????????????????????????????:“????????????????????????”“???????”???“??????????”?“???????????????”??????????????,“????”???“??????????????????????????????????????????”?????,“???????”????????????[28]“?”????????????2023?,????????????????2021-2022?2273.5???????????

(??)????????????????????:?????????

?????????????????????“???????????????”?????????????,??“????????????????????”????,??!

?????,??????,???,??????????????????????????,???????????????,??????????????[29]

???????8??????????????????20???????????,????????,???????,??????“?????????????????????????????”?????????,????,??????????????????“?????”??????“????????”???????,????????????????????,?????????,???,?????????????“??”,??[30]

??,???????????2035??????????????,????????????????????????????????????,????????????????(?????????????)???????????????????,?,??[31]

2024???8??9??????,???(WT/DS626?),[32]??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«???????????????»??????????????6???????????????????????????«?????»?1?2???????????????10?17?????????????????19???????????????22??????????32??????????????????????????????,???,?????????

(?)????:????“??????????”???????????????????????????

?,???????,?????????????????«????????????????????»«?????????»«??????»?,??????????????????????????“???????????????”????????,?,?????????“?”??????????????????????????????????,???????????????????

????????????????,??????,??????????????,????????????????????????,?????????,??????“??????????????????????”????????????????????

??????1957???????«???»????“?????????????”???????????????,??«?????????????????»????????????,??????????????????????????????,?“?????????????????”??

?????????,2018????????????????????????2024???????8??,??????“???????????”?????????????????,???????????????????????????????????362????????????????(???320???????????????????),?????????????68??????(????????????????????????21%),?61??(?????????17%)?[33]??,?,????“???????”???

?????????????????????|???????????????? ? ????

????????????????????????

[1]??????????????????????:

[2]???«?????»??????298?????51???52???????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]?????:?????????????,2024????????????4??????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]???:

[30]???????:

[31]

[32]???(WT/DS626?):

[33] ?????:??????