????:2024-08-23 17:39:45 ??:????
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2024?8???????20????????????????,???????????(AS689)?????????????????,[1]?17%-36.3%???(??????????????9%)??????????????2023??????9???????????13??????????????????,??,??????????2023??????????10?????4???????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????,????????????????
????????,????????????????,?????????????????????,????????????????????(??????????????????????????????????)?????,???????????????????????????????????«?»????????????,???????????????????2019????????????«????????????»???,?????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????2020?????,?«??????»,????????????,?????????????????????????????,?????????????????,?,?????
????????????,???????????
???????????????????
(??)???,???????
1. ??????
???????????,?????????1951????????????????,?????(?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????)??????????«??????????»,????????(ECSC),??????????,?????,?????????????????????????????????
1957???????,???????«?????????????????»???«????????»??????????????????????????(Euratom),??????(???????????),?,??,???????????????????????????(EEC),??????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????,????????????????????????????92????94???(state aid),???????[2]
2. ?????????????????
1965?????????,????????????«?»,????????,???????????????????,???,????«??????»?????
1974?????????????????????????,?«?1985????????????????»,????????????1985??????50%,????????????????????,?????????????[3]
???????????,??????????????,??????????????????????????,??????,???,??
(???)?????????????????????????????????
1980??????????,?????«??????????????1990???????????????»,????????????,??????[4]????1974??
1986???,???????«??????????»,[5]???,????????????????,???
???????????,??????????????????????????????,??????,?????
???????????????????????????????
1992????????????????????,???????????????«???»(????«??????»),?????????(EU),???????????????????(EEC)?????????????????????????(EC),???«??????»????????«??????????????????»?????????????????????????
??????????«????????»??????,????????????????????????????????????????,«????????????????????»????????????130????????????,?????????????????????????????
??????????????,?????????????,????????
(????????)???????????????????????
1995?????,?????«??»?????,????????,????????[6]
1997???????????????????,?«?????:??????????»???????,[7]?????????????,???????,?????????????????
2000?????,???????«????»?????????,?,??[8]
???,?????,???????????
(????????????????????)???
?????????????????,????????????????2006?????????????????????«???????»?????????????,??????????????????,????????????????,???,????[9]
2007??????,??????????????????????«?????????»,???????«?????»?????«????????????????????????»,??????????????????????????????«??????????????»??«????????????????????????»?????,«??????»???88??4???,??,???????«???????????»?????????????????,??????????????[10]
2010??????????????,??«????????2020?????????????????????»,?,????[11]
2011??,???????????«2050?????????????????»,???2020?,????????,??(????????????????????????????)????????,?????????[12]
???,??,??
???????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????«????????»??????????????107??,??????????????????????????????????????????,??(??????????????????????),?????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????:??????,??????????????,????????,??;?,??????????????
??????????2023???????????7???????????????????????????????WTO????????,[13]???????????????????????????,???????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????2021-2022?????2273.5??????????????
??????????,?????,???,??????????
(???????????????)???????????????????????????????
1. ????????
2014????,????????????????«2030????????»,?2030????,???????????,???????????????????,?????????????2030???????27%,????????????????????????????????????[14]
2015????????????????????????,?«?????????????????»,???????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????,?????,????[15]
2018??????????????????????,?«???????????????»,???????2030?32%,???[16]
?????,???????«????????????????????????????????????????????????»,???2050???????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????,?????????,???????????[17]
2. ??????«???????»?????????????«???????????»????????????????????????????????
2019?????????,???«???????»,??????????????,?????????????????,?????2030??1990????????55%???2050???????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????,????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????,«????????»?:???????????;????????????????;????????,????????????????????,??????????,???????????????????????,?????????????????[18]
2020???????????3??????,????????«?????»,???:???????;?????????????????????;????????????2021??????????????5??????????????????[19]????,??,????????????,?????????????,?????????????,??????????????????????????????????????(IPCEI)?,??????????
2022??????????,????,????????,???????????REPowerEU??????????????,??????????????????????,??????????????,????2030????????45%,????[20]
3. ??????????????
2023?????,?????«??????»,???«??»,??????????,???????????????????????????????[21]
2024????,?????????????«???????????????????????????????????»????«?»?????????????????????«?????»??????????????????????????????
«????»?????[22]?????????????????????????????;?2030??,?????40%;?????????????(NZSPs),?????,???????;??«?»???,???????????????????????????????
«???????????»??,?2030??????????????????????????????,????????????????,???????-??????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????
(??????????????)???
1. ?
2018?,??«????????:????????????????»,????????????,?,???????,???????(electro-mobility,?????????????????????????????????????)?
??????????(CEF),???,????????????????????????????,????,??,?????????????????????
2. ???????????
2017????????????,???????????????????????,???,???????,??????????????????????,???????????[23]
2018?????????????,????«?????»,??????????????????????????????,??????[24]?,????:???;???,??;?,??????????????????????;???????;??????????????(?????????);????????
????????????,???,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????
(???)???????????????????
1. ?
2022??????????????,???«?????»,??????????2025??????????????????????????320?????????????????????(GW)??????????????????????2030?????600?????????[25]???,?????
?,??:????????????????,?????????????;????????????????????;??????????,???????;???
2. ????????????????
?,????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:???????????????,????????????????;?,?;????;???????????????????;?????????????????
2024??,???????????????????????«?»,???????????????????????,?(??????????)????????????????????????????????????????????,?????,??????????????
????????,??????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????,?????
????????????????????????????????????:?? - ???????????????????
(?)???????????:??????
????????????????????2006?,????????????????????????????????????????????«??????????????????»«??????»«???????????????????????????»??,???????,?????????????????????????????????????????????,???
????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????,?????2020??????????????????????????2???????????????2026???????????12???????31??????????,?7230??????,???????????????????????3380???????????????????????,3850?????????????????????,???37%???????2024?4??????????,??879?????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????25.7%?[26]
????????????????????(CEF)?????«?????»???,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????2021-2027??????????????????,???????????????59.4?????[27]
?????????????????,???????????????????????????????:??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????[28]?????????????2023?,????????????????2021-2022?2273.5???????????
(??)????????????????????:?????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????,??!
?????,??????,???,??????????????????????????,???????????????,??????????????[29]
???????8??????????????????20???????????,????????,???????,????????????????????????????????????????????,????,????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????,?????????,???,???????????????,??[30]
??,???????????2035??????????????,????????????????????????????????????,????????????????(?????????????)???????????????????,?,??[31]
2024???8??9??????,???(WT/DS626?),[32]??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«???????????????»??????????????6???????????????????????????«?????»?1?2???????????????10?17?????????????????19???????????????22??????????32??????????????????????????????,???,?????????
(?)????:?????????????????????????????????????????
?,???????,?????????????????«????????????????????»«?????????»«??????»?,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,?,????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????
????????????????,??????,??????????????,????????????????????????,?????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????1957???????«???»????????????????????????????????,??«?????????????????»????????????,??????????????????????????????,????????????????????
?????????,2018????????????????????????2024???????8??,??????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????362????????????????(???320???????????????????),?????????????68??????(????????????????????????21%),?61??(?????????17%)?[33]??,?,??????????????
?????????????????????|???????????????? ? ????
????????????????????????
[1]??????????????????????:
[2]???«?????»??????298?????51???52???????
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]?????:?????????????,2024????????????4??????
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]???:
[30]???????:
[31]
[32]???(WT/DS626?):
[33] ?????:??????
????