????:1???????????:??????

2?????????????

3?????????

4????????????

5??????????

?75??????75??,??????,??????????????????????,??,????????????,???????????????????????????????????,???????

???,??,????????????????????,2023??????????????????????????????223????????????????????GDP??89????????????????43.6????????????……???????????75??????????,“?”?????????????????75????????????,?????“?”????????,??????????????,??????????

? ??

??7.9%

??????????

??,??????????,????????????,??????????,??1952????????????????679????????????,????1978??3679??????????????????????????????;?????,??????????????,1986?1????????,2000????10??????,2006??20??????????,?????????12??10???????????,2020??????????100?,2023??126???,????????????????,2023?1952????????223?????????????,??????????7.9%;????????????,19792023??????????????????8.9%,???????????3.0%???????????

????GDP??8.9????

??????????????????????????????

1952?????????????,?GDP?119????????????????????,?,??GDP??????????2019????????????,??GDP????????70078???????????????,???10158???,??1???????????;2023????89358??,???1952?????????89??????????,????6.5%,???12681?????????,?3???????????????????????1.2?????????????,2023???(GNI)???1.34??????,???

???????????

?????????

???????????,???????,????????????1952?????,????????????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%?????????????,???????????????????????,?????????????

??????????,??,??????????,??,????????????2023????????,??????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%????????????,?????????9??????????1.3??,?????????????,????,????????????????????????????????,???????????????????,?“????+”???????

“???????????????????”??????????22.4?

?????????????

???,?????,???????????????,??????????,?????????

20132023??????,????????????8.7%?10.3%,?,???????????????????5G??,“???”??,???????

??????????????????????????2023?,?????????421????????????;??,???????????????

??????????,??????????????????????????????????????????,“????”???2023?,?“???”?????22.4????????????,??GDP?17.73%?

????

???

1949?????????2.2?????,??????????8.1???????????????????,????????????????????????????????75???????????????????????,?????????????,????????????????,??????????,????????????????????????

2023???????????????????,????????15.9???????????????????,?????????1949???6?????,????4.5???,????2/3?;??????????????????????????????544??????????????????,??????????66???????????,???18.4?,??;?????????12.8????????????,?????????74.1%;??????????????876??????????????????????,2023??????1.7?,??2016???????10???,???????????????,?????????????????????????????????

??3.92?????????

????????????

1949???????????????????49.7??1978?????????????,?171?????????,??????151?????????,??????,????,???????,?????????,???2023?????????????,?39218????,??1949?76?????????,?6.0%;?26796??????????????,??????1956??????36??????????????,??????5.5%?

??????????????,?????,?????????????2023??????,??????????29.8%,????????????1978????????34.1?;???????45.2%,????????????2013??????5.5???????,?,?????????????2023???????,????????????49.7?,??145.9?????,???????????????????????2013??????2.9???2.1?????????????????

??????????

???????????

????,??????????????????????,????

??????????????????????????,????????????????????,???,???,??????????,??,?????

2023??????????????,?????????10.66?????????,????????1989???????10.09????;???????????2.44???3.02???????????,??1994?1.64???????????????????2.84????????????????????????????,?,????????????,????

9899?

????????

????????,???????????????????????20??????????????????5070?,?????,????????????????????,???????????“????????”???????????,?????????????,???????????????

?????????,??????????????????????,?????????????????????????8??????????????,???????????2020??9899????,832????????????,12.8??,?,???????????????????,??????????10??«??2030???????????»????????????????????,????????????,???

?60%

????

??????,????????????,?????,???????????????????????????

2023???,???????????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;???1.6????????????????????4542??,?????1949??????????6.4?????????103?????????????????????,???????(OECD)?????

???????,?,??2023??????,???60%,???????;???????1982?????8????11.05??????????,????????????????

?

?????????

1950??,??11.3???,??????1978?206?????????,??,2001???,??????,?????

??????,??,???,??????????1978?1%??????????????2023???????????12.4%,?????????????7????????????????????“??”??????????,????150????????30???230????“???”???????,?????????????????????????????25????200????,?“????????”?

???????

?

?????????????,?????????,????????????????,??????????,???1999??????????,???????????????????????????????2012?????,????????????????,?????????4.9,??1952????8.1?

???????????,????????????????????????????????,??????20132023?????????,?????????????6.9%?7.1%,??2023???????????,??????????????????46.7%?24.4%,???2012???????2.9??0.9??????????

????????????46.3?

?

??,???????????,??????????????????1956?“?????????????”???,???????,??????????,?????????????????????,???????

????????,??????????,????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????“?”,????????????????????????????,????????????????11????,?,????????????????????2023??,?,??????????46.3???????????

?????????????66%

??????????

???????????????,???????????1949??????????????10.64%,1978???????17.92%?????,???????,??2023????,??9.3????????????,??1978?7.6???????;??????????66.16%,?????48.24????

????????,?,?,??????????2023?????,???????????????????48.3%,???????2015???8.4?????????????,??????,??,??????2012?2.88:1????2023??2.39:1?2023????,????12.4:1,????????2013??1.4?2023??460?,??99%?,?????14.4?????????

????3246?????????????????????????6833?

?????

1949?????????,??????,?,?????????????,?????????????2023??,?3246???????????????????6833??,?????????????1949????59???325????;???119??????????(????????)?

???,???????????????,??????????????,??,??????2022????????????,?????4.46%,???????????????????????????2013?????????????0.77??;?????????2012?888??????????2023??????????1622??

?????78.6???

?????????

?????,???,???75????????,??,????,??????2023??,?107?????????????????,??1017????????,??1249??????

?,?????????????,?????,??2023???,????????????13.34??,???2018?????????????95%?????????2023???????,??????????78.6???????????????,?????1949?????????43.6????,????

??24.02%

?????

20??50??????,????????????????,???????????????????????,??,??“??”?????????????2022??,???????????9014??????????,???20??????80???????????????????????25????30?????????????;???18%,??

??????????,“??????????”??????????????24.02%?2023?,?(PM2.5)???2016?????????28.6%,???????????????????????21.6?????????????????????????,????????????????????????????,????????“??”??????????????“??????????”,????????(?????????) ???????????:??