????:2024-08-23 17:28:05 ??:????
????:????????:???????
??????????? ????????????????????
2024???????????????8?20??????????????,???????(AS689)??,[1]?17%-36.3%?(???????9%)??????????????????????2023????9??????????????13????????????????????????????,??,?2023???10????????????????4?????????????????????????,????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????,????
??????????,?,??????????????????????????????????????????,??(?????????????????????????????)?,????????????«??????»????,?????????????????????????????????2019????????????????????????«?»???????????????,?????????????????????????????,????????????2020?????????????????,?????????????????????????????«???????????»,???????????????,????????????????????????????????,???,???,????
??????????,?????????????????????????
??????????????????????
(?)??,??
1. ??
???????????????,????????1951?????,???????(??????????????????????????????????????????)?????«????????????????»,?????????????(ECSC),?????,????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????
1957???,????????????«???»???????«??»?????????????????????????????????????????(Euratom),???(??????????????????????),?,??????,??????????????????????????(EEC),???,?????????????????,??????????????????????????92??????94???????????????????(state aid),?????????????[2]
2. ???
1965???????,???????????«????????»,???????????????????,??????,??????,?????«?????????????»???????
1974???,????«?????1985?????»,??????1985??????????????50%,??????????????????????????,???????[3]
??,???,?????????????,?????,?????,????
(???????????????????)????????????????????????????????????
1980????????????????????????,??????????«???1990??»,???????????,????????????????[4]?????1974??????????
1986?????,???????????????????????????«??????????»,[5]???????????????,????????????,?????????????????
????,???????????,??????????????????????,???????????
?????????????????
1992????,?????????????«????????»(??????????????«??????»),?????????(EU),??????????????????????????????(EEC)??????????????????????(EC),??????????????«?»?«????????????????????»???
??«????????????????»?????????????????????,????????????????,«????????????????????»???????????????????130??????,??????????????????
??????,?,??????????????????????????????????????????
(??????????)??????????
1995???,??????«??????????????????????????»??,????????????,???[6]
1997????????????????,????????????????????????«????:??????????????????????????»????????????,[7]?????,??,????????????????????
2000???,????????????????????«?????????»??????????????,???????,??????????[8]
??????????,?????????,???????????
(?????????????????)???????????????????????
??,??????????2006?????????«???????????????????????????????????????»??,????????,?,?????????????,?????????????????????????[9]
2007??????????????,??«?????????????????»,???????????«?»???«?????»,??????????????????????«?»????«???»???????????,«?»?88???4????????????????,???????,??????????????«??????»?????????????,?????????[10]
2010???,??????????????????????????????«??????????????????2020??????????»,?????,???????[11]
2011??????????????????????,???????«2050????????»,???2020????????????????????????,??,?????(??????????????????)?????????????????,????????????????[12]
????????????????????????,??????????????????,?????
????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????«???»???????????????????107???????,?????,????(??????????????),????????
?????????????????:????????????,???,??,???????;????????,???????
?????????????2023????????????7??WTO?,[13]?????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????,???????2021-2022??????????????????2273.5???????
?????,???????????????????,???,????
(??)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????
1. ????????????????
2014??,???«2030???????»,?????????????????????2030?????????????????????????????,?,???????,??????2030?27%,?????????????????[14]
2015??????????,??????«???????????»,???????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????,??,????[15]
2018????????,??«??????????»,???????2030????????32%,??????[16]
???,???????????«????????????????????????????»,??????????????????????2050?????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????,???????????,????????[17]
2. ???????«????????????»?????????????«??»????????????????????????????
2019??????????????,??????????????????????????????«????????»,?????????????????,??,?????????????????????2030?1990?55%????????????????2050???????????
????????????????????,?????????????????,??????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,«????????????????????????»??:??????????????????????;??????????????;????????????????,???????????????,??????,?????,????????????????????[18]
2020???????3?????,??????????????«?»,???????:?????????;???;?????????2021??5??????????????????????????[19]???????????????????,????????????????????,?????????,???????????????????,?????????,??????(IPCEI)??????????????????,???
2022???,???,??????????????,?????????????REPowerEU????,??????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????,?2030??45%,???????????????[20]
3. ??????
2023????,?????????????«?»,????«?»,????????,??????????????????????????[21]
2024???,????????«????????????????????»???????«?????????»?????«???»?????????
«????????????????????»?????[22]?????????????????;???2030????????,?????????????40%;?????(NZSPs),?????,??;?????«?????????»?????,?????????????????????
«??????»??,???????????2030??????,?????????????????????????????,???-??????????,?????????????????????????????????
(???)???????
1. ?
2018??????????,???????????????«?????????????????:?????????????????????????»,????????????????????????,??????????,?????????????,??????????????????(electro-mobility,?????????????????????????????????)?
????????????????????(CEF),????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,?,????
2. ???????
2017??????,???????????????????????????????????????????,???????,??????????????,??????????????,??????[23]
2018??????????????????,???????«???????????????»,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???[24]????????,?:??;??????????????????????????,??;????,???????;?????;?????????????????(??);???????
???????????????,?????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????,???????????
(????????)??????
1. ?????
2022???????????????????????,?????????«??????????????»,???????????????2025?????????????????320?????????????(GW)???????2030?????????600???????[25]??????,??????
?????,???????????????????????????????:??????,???????????????????;???????;????????????????,???????????????;???????
2. ??????????????????????
????,?????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:?,???????;????????????????????,???????????;???;????;?????????????????????????????????
2024??????????????????????,???????????????????????«???»,????????????????????????????????,????????????????????(???????????????????)??????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????,?????????
??????????????,??,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????,??
??????????:?? - ????????????????????????????
(????????????????????)??????????????:?????????????????????
???????????2006?????,????????????????????????????????«????????????????»«????»«?????????????»?????,????????,?????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????
?,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????,??????????????????????????????2020?????????????2?????????????????2026?????????????12????31???,???7230??,????????????3380?,3850??????????????????,??????????37%??????????????2024??????????????4?????,????????????????879??????????????,????????????????????25.7%?[26]
?????(CEF)??????«???»????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????2021-2027???????????????,?????????????????59.4????????[27]
???????????????????????,????????????????????????:??????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????[28]???????????????????????????????????2023??????,??2021-2022?2273.5???????????
(??)??????????????????????:??????????????
????????????????????,????????????????????,??????????!
???,??????,???????????,????????,???,????[29]
?8???????20??????????????????,?????,????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???,???,?????,??????????????,?????????[30]
???????????????????????,??2035????????,??????????????,?????????????????(??)????????????????,??????,????????[31]
2024??????????8???????????9??,???????????(WT/DS626???),[32]????????????????????????????«?????????»???????????????????????????6???«??????????????????????????»???????1??????2???????????????????????????????????????????????10?17???????????????????19??????????????22???????????????????????32??,????????,????
(??????)???????????????????????????:?????????????????
????????????,????,??????«?????????????????????»«???????????????????????»«?»??????,?????????????,????????????,????????????????????????,????
??????,?????,?????,?,???,?????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????1957???«???»???????????????????????????,?????????????«?»????????????????????????????????,?????????,???????????????????????
???,2018???2024?8??????,????????????,????????????????????????????????????362??????(?320?),???68?????(?????21%),???61?????????????????????(??????17%)?[33]???,????????????,?????????????????????????
?|?? ???????????????????? ???????????????????
???????????????
[1]????:
[2]???????????????????«??????????????????»??????298?51???52???
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]???:?????????????????,2024???4?????
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]????????:
[30]?????????????????????:
[31]
[32]???????(WT/DS626?????):
[33] ???:?????????????????????????????
????