????????????“???”??????

????:????????:???????

??????????? ????????????????????

2024???????????????8?20??????????????,???????(AS689)??,[1]?17%-36.3%?(???????9%)??????????????????????2023????9??????????????13?????????????????????“???”????,??,?2023???10????????????????4?????????????????????????,????????????????????,?????????????????????????“?????????????”????????,????

??????????,?,??????????????????????????????????????????,?“?”(?????????????????????????????)?,????????????«??????»????,????“????????????”?????????????????2019????????????????????????«?»???????????????,?????????????????????????????,?“??????”?????2020?????????????????,?????????????????????????????«???????????»,???????????????,???“?????????????”????????????????,???,???,????

?“??”???????,?????????????????????????

??????????????????????

(?)??,??

1. ??

???????????????,????????1951?????,???????(??????????????????????????????????????????)?????«????????????????»,??????“???????”(ECSC),?????,????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????

1957???,????????????«???»???????«??»????????????????????????????????“?????????”(Euratom),???(??????????????????????),?,??????,???????????????????????“???”(EEC),???,?????????????????,??????????????????????????92??????94???????????????????(state aid),?????????????[2]

2. ???

1965???????,???????????«????????»,???????????????????,??????,??????,?????«?????????????»???????

1974???,????«?????1985?????»,??????1985??????????????50%,??????????????????????????,???????[3]

??,???,?????????????,?????,?????,????

(???????????????????)????????????????????????????????????

1980????????????????????????,??????????«???1990??»,???????????,????????????????[4]?????1974??????????

1986?????,???????????????????????????«??????????»,[5]???????????????,????????????,?????????????????

????,???????????,??????????????????????,???????????

?????????????????

1992????,?????????????«????????»(??????????????«??????»),?????“????”(EU),?????????????????????“?????????”(EEC)?????“?????????????????”(EC),??????????????«?»?«????????????????????»???

??«????????????????»?????????????????????,????????????????,«????????????????????»???????????????????130??????,??????????????????

??????,?,????????????????“????????????????????????”??

(??????????)??????????

1995???,??????«??????????????????????????»??,????????????,???[6]

1997????????????????,????????????????????????«????:??????????????????????????»????????????,[7]?????,??,????????????????????

2000???,????????????????????«?????????»??????????????,???????,??????????[8]

??????????,?????????,???????????

(?????????????????)???????????????????????

??,??????????2006?????????«???????????????????????????????????????»??,????????,?,?????????????,?????????????????????????[9]

2007??????????????,??«?????????????????»,???????????«?»???«?????»,??????????????????????«?»????«???»???????????,«?»?88???4????????????????,???????,??????????????«??????»?“?????????”???,?????????[10]

2010???,??????????????????????????????«??????????????????2020??????????»,?????,???????[11]

2011??????????????????????,???????«2050????????»,???2020????????????????????????,??,?????(??????????????????)?????????????????,????????????????[12]

????????????????????????,??????????????????,?????

???????????????“???????????????????????”??????????

??????????????????«???»???????????????????107???????,?????,????(??????????????),????????

??????“??????????”?:????????????,???,??,???????;????????,???????

?????????????2023????????????7??WTO?,[13]?????????????????,????“???????????”?????“??????????????????”????????????????????????,????????,???????2021-2022??????????????????2273.5???????

?????,???????????????“???”?,???,????

(??)?????????????????“???????????????????”?????????????????

1. ?“?????????????”??

2014??,???«2030???????»,?????????????????????2030?????????????????????????????,?,???????,??????2030?27%,?????????????????[14]

2015??????????,??????«???????????»,?????“??????????”,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????“??????????????????????????????”???,??,????[15]

2018????????,??«??????????»,???????2030????????32%,??????[16]

???,???????????«????????????????????????????»,??????????????????????2050????????“???????”??????????????????????,?????“???????????????????????????????????????????????????????”????????,???????????????????????????????,???????????,????????[17]

2. ???????«????????????»?????????????«??»??????????????“????????”??????

2019??????????????,??????????????????????????????«????????»,?????????????????,??,?????????????????????2030?1990?55%????????????????2050?“?”?????????

????????????????????,????“??”???????????,??????????????????????????,??????????????????????“????????”????,«????????????????????????»??:??????????????????????;??????????????;????????????????,???????????????,??????,?????,????????????????????[18]

2020???????3?????,??????????????«?»,???????:?????????;??“?”;?????????2021??5??????????????????????????[19]???????????????????,????????????????????,?????????,???????????????????,?????????,?“?????”(IPCEI)??????????????????,???

2022???,???,??????????????,?????????????“REPowerEU”????,??????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????,?2030??45%,???????????????[20]

3. ??????

2023????,?????????????«?»,????«?»,????????,???????????“??”?????????????[21]

2024???,????????«????????????????????»???????«?????????»?????«???»?????????

«????????????????????»?????[22]??????????“?”??????;???2030????????,?????????????40%;????“?”(NZSPs),?????,??;?????«?????????»?????,?????????????????????

«??????»??,???????????2030??????,?????????????????????????????,???-??????????,??“???????????????”????????????????

(???)???????

1. ?

2018??????????,???????????????«?????????????????:?????????????????????????»,????????????????????????,??????????,?????????????,?????????????????“?”(electro-mobility,?????????????????????????????????)?

??????“??????????????”(CEF),????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,?,????

2. ???????

2017??????,??????????????????????????????????????????“?”,???????,??????????????,??????????????,??????[23]

2018??????????????????,???????«???????????????»,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???[24]????????,?:??;??????????????????????????,??;????,???????;?????;?????????????????(??);???????

???????????????,?????????,?????????????????????????????“???????????????????????”????????????????????????????“?????”?,?????,???????????

(????????)??????

1. ?????

2022???????????????????????,?????????«??????????????»,???????????????2025?????????????????320?????????????(GW)???????2030?????????600???????[25]??????,??????

?????,???????????????????????????????:?????“?”,???????????????????;???????;????????????????,???????????????;???????

2. ??????????????????????

????,?????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:?,???????;????????????????????,???????????;???;????;?????????????????????????????????

2024??????????????????????,???????????????????????«???»,????????????????????????????????,????????????????????(???????????????????)?????????????????????????????“??????????????”???????,?????????????,?????????

??????????????,??,??????????????????????????“????”???????????????????????“??????”?????????????????,????????????,??

??????????:?? - ????????????????????????????

(????????????????????)??????????????:???????“????”??????????

???????????2006?????,???????“?”????????????????????????«????????????????»«????»«?????????????»?????,????????,???????????????“???????????”???????????????,????????????????

?,“?????”??“??????????????????????”??????????????????????,????????????????,??????????????????????????????2020?????????????2?????????????????2026?????????????12????31???,???7230??,????????????3380?,3850??????????????????,??????????37%??????????????2024??????????????4?????,????????????????879??????????????,???????????“??????”???25.7%?[26]

“?????”(CEF)??????«???»????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????2021-2027???????????????,?????????????????59.4????????[27]

“?????????????”??????????,????????????????????????:“??????????????”“??”????“?”?“??”??????????????????,“???????”????????“??????????????????????????”?????????????????????,“???????????”??[28]“?????????????????”??????????????????2023??????,??2021-2022?2273.5???????????

(??)??????????????????????:??????????????

?“??????????????”?????,??????????“???”???????,??????????!

???,??????,???????????,????????,???,????[29]

?8???????20??????????????????,?????,????????????????????????????????,?????????“???????????????????????????????????????”???????????,??????????????,??????????“????”????????????????????“?????????”????????????,???,???,?????,?????????????“?”,?????????[30]

???????????????????????,??2035????????,??????????????,?????????????????(??)????????????????,??????,????????[31]

2024??????????8???????????9??,???????????(WT/DS626???),[32]????????????????????????????«?????????»???????????????????????????6???«??????????????????????????»???????1??????2???????????????????????????????????????????????10?17???????????????????19??????????????22???????????????????????32??,????????,????

(??????)???????????????????????????:?????“???????”?????

????????????,????,??????«?????????????????????»«???????????????????????»«?»??????,?“?????”???????,????????????,?????????????????“???”????,????

??????,?????,?????,?,???,?????????????????????“??????”??????????

??????????????????1957???«???»??????????“???????”??????????,?????????????«?»????????????????????????????????,?????????,?????????“??”????????????

???,2018???2024?8??????,????“????”????,????????????????????????????????????362??????(?320?),???68?????(?????21%),???61?????????????????????(??????17%)?[33]???,????????????,?????????????“?”???????????

?|?? ???????????????????? ???????????????????

???????????????

[1]????:

[2]???????????????????«??????????????????»??????298?51???52???

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]???:?????????????????,2024???4?????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]????????:

[30]?????????????????????:

[31]

[32]???????(WT/DS626?????):

[33] ???:?????????????????????????????