“?????”?????? ????????????

????:??????????:???????????

???????????9??12???? (????????????????? ???)?12??????????,??“??????????? ?????”???“????????????????”????,?????????????????????????????????????????????200???

??????????,??????????,???????50??????????????,??????????????????????,???????????50?????????????????,???????????????

????9?????12??????????,?“???????? ?????”?“??”???????????????????? ????????????

???????????,?,???????????;??????,???????????;?????,??????????,?????????,?????????????????45????,????????,???????????

?????????,???????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????,?;????????,????;??????????????????,????;???????,???????????????????

?????????????????????????,45??????????????,?,??????????????????????,??????,???????????????????????????,??????????????????“???????????????????????????????????????????????”?????????????????

??????9?????????12????????????,???“? ????????”???????????“????????????”??????,???????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????????

?????,????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,?????????????????(David Firestein)??????????????6?,??,??????

????6??,????????????????,?????????????????????????,??????????

??“?????????????”?????????????????,?????????????????????,?????????????????????“??????????”???????????,?,??

??????????????“??????????????????????”??????????(Elyn MacInnis)????,??2015?,?,??“??????????”??,??????????????????????,?????,?,????????????????

????????????9???????????????????12????????????????????,????????“?????? ??”???“???????????????”????????“Z?”???8??????????? ????????? ??? ?????

?????????????????“?????????????”??????????????,????“Z?????????????”??????????????,????????????,?????,???????????????????????(??????????)

??????????:???????????????????