????:1????????:??????

2??????????????

3???????

4?????????

5??????

?????????????????7??????4????????? ??:???38??????????????????

?????? ??????

??????:???????38????:????:??????????????????

??????15??????????????,?,????????????????,??????,????????????,???

20????60??????????????????????,???????“????????”?????????,??1986?????,30??????????????????38???????????????????????????,?????,????????

??????????,?????????????“??”“?????????”????,????????,“??????????????,????”????

2024??????5??????,??? ????????????????? ?????????????

?????????????

?????,11????????????????????,????????????????????,??“????????????????”?????????????,“??????????????????”????????????

?????????????????,???1987?????«??????»?

“??‘?’,?‘?????????’?”20?80????????????,?????,100???“??????!”?“????????????”?

?????,???????????,??????????1986??????????????????,?????????????????

???????????????????,???????“????????????????”????,?????????????

1987????,????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????78???,??2470????????

???????????????,????????????????????????????,??????????«????»????????????,?????????????,??????

??????“??”

???????????,???????????,??????????1909????????«????????????????????????????»,??????????????350???????????????,?????????????100???????,??“??????”????????

1987?????????,?,????(??)

??????????????,“?,????????,????,????”?

??????????,?????????????????“?????????,??????????????”???,???????,??????

??,????,???????,???????????????????

????,??????????????????,?????????????????????,2003?,??“???????? ??”????????????????????,????,????????????

?????????“??”

??????,???,?????????????????1997???????????????,??????????????????,????100?????????????,??“????????????????”??

“?????,????????????????!”??,??????????????????,?,????????????????????

?????,????????;???“?????????????????”?400?????,??????????????10???……???????????????????????,??????2000?????????????,?????????????????,??????????,?????????????????????????????,??????,???????,???????

????????,??????????……??????,???

2001????????????,?“???”,??????????????

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??????????????“???”

“??,??,????????????????????????”?????????,????????

???,????“??????????????”,?????????????????????????2022?2023?,3842???????520???????,????????????????????????151??,????????

???????1?????,?????????,?????????????????????????????23???,??????????????????????5????????????,?????????,??????????,??????????????“????”?

2024??????????????????6??,????? ?????????? ??????

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????,??????30?????????????????????????,???“?????????????100”???????,???????100??????????,??“???????,???????”??

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“?????,???????????????????????????????,?????????????,??????????????????????????????????????”??????????????????«????»????????????

???????,??????????????????????,????????,“??????,????????????,??”?

“?????????????????,???????,????,???”?????????(?????)

??????:

??????????????(William Lindesay),??????,????????,??????????,??????«????»«????????????:?»«????????????????????? ?»?????????????,????????????????????1998????;2006????;2008?????“???”?

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