????:1???????????:????

2????????????

3?????????????

4??????????????

5????????

????“??”?????????????????,????????????????????

??75????????????,?????(????????“???????”)????“????”??“????????????????????????”???????????,????100??????“???”????????100?????????????“???”????,??8??“?”??,?,?,?????,???????,????75????

?????75???????,??????,?????????????????“??”????,????????????????,???,??16????,???????4.6????,?70%,??????????????????,???????75???????????,?,?????????????

?????????,????????????,????????“???????????”??????????????????????????,??????????“????????”?,????“?????”??????????????,???“???????????”????????????,??????

???????“??????”?????????12306???????????8??????????“?”????????,?????????????????«?»«??????????»«????»«???????»«????????????»«?????»«?»«????????????»??????,???????????????????????????????????????????,???????,????“??”??,???????,????,????????????????“??????????????????”?

?????????,?????????

“?????????????????????”,????????????

???

?????????

1949?????????,?????3???????25????????6??????,????,??????????,???

????????,???“????????????????”,????

1949???????5?1??????,????:“????”,?“?????,???”????????

1949??10????????1????????????????????????????,??????,????????????,???

1950??????1????????????????22?????????????,«?»???????????????“???????”??????,????????????“???????”???????????????????,?????;???????,???????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????“???,?????????”???????

“?”?????????????

????

?,????????????????,???????????????,?,??????????????????????????“??????????”“???????????”,????????“????”?????????????????

????????????????,??????????????????“????”???,??,?????,“?????????????”????????,??????78??,1946????????8???,????27??????????,???????

??????????“??????”?,???1949????,???????,????????????????????,??????????,???1200??????????????????????,????????

??????????,?9??98????????????????4000??????,???????????“???”?

“????!”??????????????,?????1952???????,???????“???????”???????????????,????1958?,????“???????”?????,????????????????;????,???????????????6Y1????????,????????????,??????????????????,????????,??????????????,?????????????????????????????,??

“???”????????????,????“??”?,??:??,?????????????????,???????,?“???????”?,????????,???????,????????????????????????!

70????,“?????????????”?????????:????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????

???????????

??????????????????

???,????,????????????

?????“??”????????????????,????????“?????”??????????????????1909????????,????????????,?????????????????,??????????????????????,??

????,???????????“????”??????,???,???????,???????????

???????????????“???????????”?????,?????2019??????????????????,???????350???????????????????????“???????????”????,????,??????“????????????????”??????????????“???”???????????????“???”,?????????????????????????????

??:????,1949???2.1???????;1978?????,5.2?;2003???????,7.3???;2012???????????,9.8???????;2024?????????,?16???????????????,????????,?????

?????????2.18???????16?,???????,???????,?????????,?,???????

?????,1951???,????????????,???????????????1982???????????????,?,??????????,????,?????71????,?,?????110????????,??????????“??????”?????????“?”?????,????!???,????????????????

?????????“????????”??????????????“?”???,?????????????????????,?????????????110??????????!??????,???????,?“????????????”?????????????,?????????????,?????????????

?????12306????????

?????????

??“????”,????????????????????????,?,????????????????12306??????????

“????????????”???????1980?????????«??»???????????????,??????????????,?????????????,???????????????????????????,????,??????????,???????????

????«12306??»?????????:“?????????????,????????,?????????????????????,?????????????,????,??????????????????,?????????????????????????,?????????????,??????????,????????????!”

????,??????????????????,??????……????????????????????????????,12306??????,????????

??,?????,??,“????”???????,?????

??????????“?”???????????????

??????????????

???“??”??????????,????,?????,????,?????????????“?????????????”????????

“?????”??????????22???691????????????28???????????……????“????????”?????????????,????????

6063????????,??6063???????18????????1958???????????,????????????6063??????,????????60?????????,????????????,????????,????“???”???1?????????????,?????????????6063????,????,????????????????

“??????”

???????

?“????????”??,?????“?????????”???,???????“?????”?

???????2021?????12??3????????????????????????????3????,?????,?????????????????????????“??”??????????,????????????????????????10????????????????????????????2900??????,?????

?????,????????????,?????????????????????,??????,????,?“????”??“??????????”??????????????????,?????????????????????????

?????????????,????????,?????,??,??????????????????????,???????,????,??

????????????,?????????,?????????????????????????,???????????????????????

????

??

???,??????,??????????????,???????????????

2013??,??????????????25???????????11?????51???,68??500??????2?????????,????

??????????????4???,?????,???????????????,?????10????????,????????????,?????

??????????,2024?????????????????????6?,“????????”?????2023????????????????,???????,?????????

????,??????????????????????????????????????,??????,?,???,????,???????,??????,???????????????????????,?????????,?????????“CR450???????”,???????????????????400????

?????,?????????,????????????,????????????,?????“???”???????,????????????“??????”???????!(??????? ????????????)

?????????????????:?????????? ?????????:??