???|????????????????:?????

????:??????:????????

??12???????????????19???????????? ?????:???

???????????????????????????

????????????????? ???????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“?????”???

???:

???????:?????

?????????????:1998????,????????????????????????????,??????3????????????????,????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????,??????25????

??????????????,????,??????????????1983????????,?“??????????”??,??????????????????????????????15????????????????????????,???

????,???,?????????????????????:?,????,???????????“????”????????10????????????,???????????????,??????34???????100???????????????,???,????,??????80????????????????,??????????2008???????,??????????«??»???,??????????????

??????????????,?????????????“??”??????????????????????,?,?????????,??«???»???????????

??????????????????????????????????????:???????,????????????

???:???????«?????????»?????,??????????????17??????,????????????????????????,???????????“????????????????”??,?????“????????”?????????20??,????????????“??????”,?????????“?”,???????????

??,???????,?????????????????????????????????????????????;????,????????????????????????????,?????????????,?????????????

????????????????,????????,????????????????????1757????????????????1772?«????????????????????????????????????????»????????????«????????»,?????????????????????????????????,?????????????????,????????????????????????,??,????,?????????????????????“????”(Chinoiserie)????????????

??,?????????????????????????????????,????,??????,????

??????????????????:?????,?????????????,??????????

????:????????17????,??,?????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????,?????,????????,????????,????????????????,?????

????1735??«??»??????????????????????,???????????,???????????????????????????1752?????????«??????????»(A Particular Account of the Emperor of China’s Gardens, near Pekin)?????,???????????,????,????????

??????????????(Johannes Nieuhoff)?17????,???

?????????????(Joseph Addison)1711??????????????????????????????????1712????????«?????»???,?????????“????????????”???????????“??”???,?,????

?????????????????????,????????????????,??????????????

??????????????????:????,????????????????????

????:??????????????????????????,????????????18?????????????????“????????????”,????1782?????????????????????????,??,????“?????”,?????????????????

1779??????,????????????????“?????????”??“????”?????????????????????????????«?????????»?????????????????????1941????????????????????????,????????????“?????”“?????????????????”“?????????????”“??”?“????”?

????????,????????????,??“????”??,?????????????“????????”??????,????,????????????

?????????,???????????????,??????????

???:????,???????????????????,??????????????????

??????:?????,????????????????????“??”?????,????????????????,??????????,???,?????????????????????,?????????????

???????????,???????????,???????????????????????,????,?????????????????,??????????(?????????) ???:??????????????????????