????:1????????????:??????

2?600??2???qq

3??????????????

4???????

5?????spa??

??7????????????????????????14??????????????? ???,?????????????????,??“?”?????????????,??????????????????????????9??????????,?????4??????

??????:?????????????????????????16????????????????? ????????????????:?????????????

?????16????1862????,????«?»,?????,??????????????????????1865??????4????????14??????,?,????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????

??????????????:???20????????? ????:?????

????????????20??????(1831-1881)?????1881????,????????????????????????????,?????,?????

?:?????????25???????? ??????????:???

1901??????,?????25?????????????,???????????,?“?????”,????????12????

?:????35????? ?:??????????

??????35??????????1963???????11??????22?,???,???????????????????????,???,???????????“??????”,????,??????????

?????????????1981?,?,????

?????????????«??»??,?????,???????,?,??????

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