????|????????????????:????

????:???????:??????????

??12????19????? ?????:?????

?????

???????????? ???

???????????????????????????????????????????“????”???

????????????????:

????:??????????????

????????:1998???,??????,???????3????????,??????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????,????????????????25?????????

?????????????,??,??????1983?????????????,???????????????“???”????,???????????????????????????????????????15??????????????????????????,?????????

?????????,??????????????????,???:??????????????,?????????????????,?????????“?”???????????????????????????????10???????????????,?????????,????34???????????????100???,????????????????,????,??????80????????????,??2008????,???????«????»????,?????

??????????????????????,?????“?????????”????????????????,?,???????????????????????,????«????????»???

????????????????:???????????????????????????????????,?????????

?????????:????????????????«????»?????????,????????17???????????,???,??????????????????????????????????“?????”???????????,??“??”?????20???,??“?????”,??????????“????????????????”,???????????????

??????????????????????????,??,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????;??,??????????????????,???????????????????,?????????????????

?????,??????????,??????????????????????????????????1757??????????????1772????????????«???????????????????????????????????????????»?????????????«???»,????????,??????,???????????????????,??????????????????,?????,?????????“??”(Chinoiserie)??????

?????,?????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????,??????????????????

?:??,?????????,?????????????????

??:????17????????????????,????,?????????????,????,????????????,????,????????????????????????????????,?????,?,?????

???1735?????«????????»????????????????????????,??????????????????,???????????????????????????????1752?????????????????????«?????????????????»(A Particular Account of the Emperor of China’s Gardens, near Pekin)????????,??????,???????????,????????????????????

??????????????????????????(Johannes Nieuhoff)??????????????17?????,?????

?????????????????????????????(Joseph Addison)1711????????????1712????«??»???,???????????“?”??“????????????”????????????????????????,???????,???

???????????????????,??????,?????????

?????:?????????,?????????????

?????????????????:??????????????????,?????????????????18??“???”,????????????1782???????????????,??????????,????“???????”,???????????

1779?????????,????“?”?????????“??”???????????????????????????????????????????????«?????????????»???????????1941????,??“????”“???????????????”“???”“????????????????”???????????“??”?

?????????????,???????,??????“??”?????,????“??????”????,??????????,??

????,?????????????,???

??????:??????????????,????????,?????

????:?????????,?????????????“????”?????,??????????????????????????????,?,????,????,??????????????????????

?????????????????????,????????????????????,????????????,?????????????????????,???????,??????????(???) ??????:???????????