????:1???????:????????????

2????????

3?????????

4????????50?????

5????????

????75??????????75??,??????????????????,???????????????????????,?????????,??,??????????,?????????????

????,????????,?????,2023????????????223????????????????GDP??89??????????????43.6????????????????????????……?????????75??,“??”?????????????????75?,??????????“?????????????????”???,??????????????,???????????????

?? ?????

??7.9%

???

?,????????????,?????????,?,???1952????????????679???????????????????,?1978???????3679????;?,????????,1986?????1????????,2000???10????,2006?????????????20??????????????,?12?10???,2020??100??????????,2023???126???????????,?????????????????????????,2023??1952????????????????223?,????7.9%;??????????,19792023??????????8.9%,???????????3.0%????

?????????GDP????????????????8.9???????????

?????????

1952??,????????GDP?????119?????,????????,??????????????GDP??2019????,???GDP?????70078???????????,???10158?,???????????????1?????????????;2023??????????89358?????????,????????????1952???????????89???????,??????6.5%,?12681??????????,?????????????????????3?1.2???,2023?????????(GNI)??????????????????1.34??,?????????????????

??????????

?

???????????????????????,???????????????,???????1952????????,?????????????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%?????????????????????,????,?????

??,????,??????????,??????????,???2023???????????,?????????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%??,????????????9?????????????1.3???,????????????????,????????,????????????????????????,???????????,?“???????+”??

“???”???22.4?

????????????

????????????????,??,??????????,????????????,????????????????????????????????????

20132023??,????????????????????????????????8.7%?10.3%,?,????????????????????????5G??????????????,“?????”???????,????????????????????????????

????????2023?????????,???421???????????????;??????????,????????????

????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????,“?”???2023??,??????????“????????????”??????22.4??,?????????????????GDP???????????????17.73%?

???????

???

1949???2.2???,??????8.1?????,????????????????75????????????????,??????????,?????,????,??????????????????????????

2023?????????,????15.9????????,?????????1949?6?????????,???4.5?,????????2/3?????;??????544?,???????????66???????????,??????????18.4???,??????;?12.8????????,????????????74.1%;????????876?????????????,2023????????????1.7????,?????????????2016????10?,???????????????,?????????????????????????????

???????????3.92??????????

????????????

1949?49.7??1978?????????????????????????????,?171??,????????????151???,?????????????????????????????,??????????,????,?????????????,????????????????????2023???????,???????39218??,??????????????1949?????76??????,?????6.0%;???????????26796??????????,??????????1956????????????36?????????,??5.5%?

???,????,???2023??,??29.8%,?1978?????????????34.1?;??????????????????????????45.2%,?????????????????????2013??5.5???????,???????,??2023????????,??49.7??????????,??????145.9?????,???2013?????????2.9?????2.1????????????

??

??????????????????

??????????????,???????????????????????????,??

?????,????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????,???????????,??,??,????

2023?,???????10.66?,??????????????????1989????10.09???;???????????2.44????????????3.02??,?1994???????????????1.64??????2.84???????????,?????????,??,???????????????

9899????

???

???????????,????????????????????????????20??5070??????????????????????????????,????????,???????????????,????????????“??”?,????????????????????????,?????????????

?????????,???,?????????8?????????,??????????2020???????9899??,832??????,12.8????????,??,????????????,??10???????????????????????????«????2030??????????»??,???,?????????

???60%

???

??????????,???,??????????,??

2023????,?????????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;????????????1.6??????4542????????????,?1949????????????????6.4???????????103??????,?(OECD)???????

?????,??????????,?????2023??,???????60%,?????;??????????????1982???????8?11.05????????,?????????????

??????

??????????????????????????

1950??,????11.3??????,???1978????????206???????,??,2001????,?????,??????????

????????????,?,?????????,?????????????????1978????1%???????2023?12.4%,???????????????????7??????“?”??,??????????150?????????????????????????30????????????230?“??????????”????????,????25????????????200??????????,??????????“?????”?

????????

?????????????

?????,???,??????????????????,?????????,??1999?,?????????????????????????????2012??????????,???????,???4.9,?1952?8.1?

?,?????????????????????????????????????,??20132023?,??????????????6.9%?7.1%,????????????2023????????,???????46.7%?24.4%,??????????????????????2012?????????????2.9??0.9???????

??46.3??????????

????

??,??????????,??????????????1956??“??”????,?????,??,?,??????????

????,??,?,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????“?”,?????????????????????,??????????????11?????????????,?????????,????????2023?,?,??????????????????46.3????????

?????66%

???????

??,?????1949???10.64%,1978??????????????????17.92%???,????????????????????????,?????2023?,???9.3????????,???????1978????7.6??;????????66.16%,????48.24?????

??,??????????,?????????????,?????????????????2023??,?48.3%,??????????????2015???????8.4???????????,???????,???????????????????,????????????????????2012???2.88:1?2023?2.39:1?2023????????,?????12.4:1,?2013????1.4?2023????????460??,???????????????99%???????,????????14.4?????????????

???????3246?????????????6833????

?????

1949????????,????????????????,??????,????,???????????2023??????????????,????3246?????????????????????6833???????,????1949?59???????????325????;??????119?????????????(?????????????)?

???????????????????,??????,???????????,?????????,???????2022???????????????????????,??????4.46%,?????????????????2013??0.77??;??????????????2012?888????????2023????????????1622???????????

???????????????78.6?????????

?

????????,??,??75?????????,????????,??,???2023?????????,??107????,?????????1017????,?1249???

??????????,?,????????,???????????????2023?????,??????13.34????????????????,?????????????2018???95%?????2023??????????,?78.6?????????????,?????1949?????????43.6??,???????

?????????24.02%

???

20?50??,?????????,????,???????????????,?“????????”????????2022???????????????????????,??9014??,?????????20??80?25?????????30??????????;??????????18%,????

?????,“???”?????????24.02%?2023?,??????????(PM2.5)???2016????????????28.6%,????????????????21.6???????????????,???????????????????????????????????,????????????????????“??????????????????????????????”?????????“???????”,???(?????????) ????????????????????:??????????