???|????????????????:?????

????:???????????????:???????????

?????12????19????????? ?????????????????????:??????

??????????

???????????????? ??????

???????????????????????????????????????????????“??????????????????????”???

????????????????:

????:??

???:1998???,???????????,?????????3?????,????????????????????????????????,??????????????,??????????????????????????????????25????????????

??????????????????????,????,?????????????1983?????,???????????“?”???????,?????????????????????????15????????????????????????????????,??????????

???,????????????????,????:????,??????????????????????????????????????,????“??”??????????10?,??????????????????,????34????????100?,????,?????????????????,??80??,???2008???????,??«?????»?????,??????????

????,?????“?????????????????”???????,?????,???????????????,?????????????«????»??????????????????

???:???????,??????????

?????????????????????:??????«?????????????»?????????,??????????????????????????17?????,???????????????,???“??????????????????”??,?????????“??”????????????20?,??“????”,??????“????”,???????????????

????????,????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????;??????,?????????????????????????????,????????????,?????????????????

????????,????????,????????????????????????????1757??1772??«????????????????????????????»???????????«?????»,????????????,??????????????????,???????????????????????,??,?????????????,?????????????????“?????”(Chinoiserie)?????????????????

????,?????????????????????????????????,?????????????,?????????????????????,?????

???:???????????????,??????????????,?????????????????

?????:??17??????????,???????????????????????,????????????,??????????????????????,??,?????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????,?????????,?????

????1735???????????«?»????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????,?????????????????1752???????«??»(A Particular Account of the Emperor of China’s Gardens, near Pekin)?,?????,??????????,?????

????????(Johannes Nieuhoff)?????????17?????,?????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????(Joseph Addison)1711??????1712???«????»?????,??????????“????????”?????“???????”???????????????????,??????,?????????????

??????????????????????????????,????,????????

????:????????,?????

????????????:?????????????????????????????,????????????18????“??????????”,??1782????????????????,?????????????,???“??”,??????????

1779??,???????????????“??????????????”????????????????????“?????”???????????????????????????«????»?????????????????1941???????????????????????????????,??“??????????”“??”“?????????????”“???????????”????“?????????”?

?????????,?????????????,????????????“????????”??????????,?“??????????????”????????????????,??,?????

?????????,????????????????????,???????????????????

????:????,????????????????,??

????????????:????,?????????????????“??????”?????,????????????????????????,????????????????,??????????,????,????????

???????????????,?????????????????,???????,????,?????,?????(??????) ?????????????:????????