????:1?????????:??????????

2??????

3?????????

4????????

5??????

??????????75??75??,?????????????????,???????????????????,??????????,?,???????,?????????

???????,???????,?????,2023??????????????????????????????223???????????????????GDP??????89?????43.6???……???75?,“??????????”??????????75????????????,?“????”??????????,??????????,??????????????

?? ?

???7.9%

???????????

???????????,????,???????????,???????????????,?????????????????1952?????????679??????,???1978??????????3679??;??????????????,?????????,1986?????????1??????????????,2000??10??,2006?????20????,?????????12??????????10???,2020????????100??,2023????????126????,?????????????????????,2023???1952??????????223?????,??????????????7.9%;????,19792023?????????????8.9%,??3.0%????????????????

??????????????????????????????GDP????????????8.9?????????????

?

1952?????,?GDP????????119?????????????????????????????,??,??GDP??????????2019?????????,?GDP??????????70078??,??10158??????,???1????;2023???????????????89358?????????,???????1952????????89????,??????????6.5%,???12681??,??????????????????????????????3???????????????????1.2???,2023???????????(GNI)?????????1.34???,??

?????????????

????

??????,?????????,???1952?????,????????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%??????????,??????????????????,?????????

??,????,?,??????????,???????????????????2023????,??????????????????????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%??????????,???9??1.3??????????????,??????????????????????????,??????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????,???????“?+”?????????????????????????

“????????”?????????22.4??????????

?????????

?????????????????????????????,???,?,??,??????????????????????????????????

20132023????,????8.7%?10.3%,???,????????????????????????5G?????????,“???”????????????,?????????????????????

???????????2023?????,?????421???????????????;???,????????????????

???????????????,??????????????????,“????”????2023???????,??????????“?”?22.4?????????,?????GDP????17.73%?

???????????

?????????

1949???2.2?????????,?8.1???????????????????,???????????75???,?????,??,?????????????,??????????????????

2023?,?????????????????????15.9???,???1949?6???????????????????,??4.5??????????????,?2/3??????;??????????????544?,?????????????66????,??18.4???????????????????????????,?????;?????12.8??,?????????74.1%;????876???????????????????????????????????,2023?????????1.7???,?????????2016????????10????????????,?????????????????,????????????????????????????????

??3.92???????????????

?

1949?????????????49.7??1978???,???????????171??,???????151?,?????????????,???????????,???????????????????,?,??2023???,????????39218?????????,??1949????????????????76??,??????????????6.0%;?26796??,????1956???????36?????,??5.5%?

????????,???????????????????,????2023?,?29.8%,????????????1978???????????34.1?;??????????45.2%,?2013?????????????5.5?????????????????,???,???????????????2023???????,???????49.7????????,???????145.9????????????????,??2013?2.9?????2.1??

?

????

???????????,?????????????????????????,??????????

?,?????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????,????,?,????,????????

2023??,????????????10.66?????????????,????1989??????10.09??????????;????2.44?????????????3.02?,?1994??1.64???????????????????????2.84?????,?,?,????????

9899??????????

??????

??????????????????????????,?????????????????????????20???????????????????????5070??????????????,??,??????????????????,???????“???”??,????????????????????????????,?????????????

????????????????????,??,???????8??,?????????????????????2020?9899?,832?????,12.8??,???,????????????????????,??10????«?2030????»?????????,????,?????????

?60%

??????????

??????????????????,????????????,??????????????,????????????

2023?????,???????????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;?????1.6?????????????4542??????,?1949???6.4?????????103?,????????????????(OECD)?????

???????????,????????,????????????????????2023?,??????????????60%,?????;???1982????????????8??11.05?,??????????????????

???

??????????????

1950??,??11.3???,??????????????1978?????????206???????????????,??????????,2001?????????,????????,????

?????????????????????,?,??????????????????,????1978??????1%????????????????2023?????????12.4%,???????????????????????7???????????????????????“?????”??????????,???150?????????30????????230??“????????”??????,???25?200??,?“??”?

??????????

??

????????,???,?????????????,?????????,???1999??????????,??????????????????????2012??????????,????????,?????4.9,????1952????8.1?

???,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???20132023????,???????????????6.9%?7.1%,?????????2023?????????,???????????????46.7%?24.4%,?2012??????????2.9??????????0.9??????????????

???46.3???

????

??????????,??,???????????1956?????“??”??,?????????????,??????????,?????????,??????

????????????,????????????????,??????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???“????????”,?????????????????????????,????????11???,???,?????2023???????,??,??46.3???????????

????66%

??????

????,????????????1949????10.64%,1978??????????????17.92%????,?????????????????????????????,?????????????2023??,?9.3?????????,????1978?7.6??????;??66.16%,??????????48.24??

??????,?????????????,???????,???2023??????????,???????????????????????48.3%,?????2015???8.4??????????????????,?????????????????,????,???????????????2012????????????????2.88:1?2023??????????2.39:1?2023???????,?????12.4:1,????2013?????1.4?2023?????460???,???????99%????,?14.4????????????

?3246??????????????????6833??

?????????

1949???????,?????????????????,????????????,??????????????,???????????2023?????????,????3246?????????6833?????????????????,????????????1949?????59???????????325?;??119????(??)?

?????,????????????,????????,????????,???2022??????????,???????4.46%,????2013?0.77???;???????2012????????????888????2023?1622??

?????????????78.6?????????????????

??????

???,???????????,????????????75???,?????????????,???,??2023???????,???????107???,???1017????????,??1249?????????

?,????,??????,?????????????2023??????????,?13.34?,???2018???95%????????2023????????????,????????????78.6??,???????1949?43.6????????,??

???????????24.02%

???

20??????????50????,?,???????????????,????????????,?“?????????”?????????????2022?????????????,??9014???????????,????????????20?????80??????????????????25?????30????????????;????????????????????18%,??

????????,“?”???????????????????24.02%?2023??,?????????????(PM2.5)????2016?????28.6%,?????????????????????????21.6???????????????????????,??????????????????????,????“?”???????????????“???????????????”,???????????(??????????) ???:??