????:1??????????????:?????200???

2??????v

3?????????

4????????100???

5???????

?????12???????19???? ???????:??????

?????????????

???? ??

???????????????????????????????“??”?????????????

?:

????????????:???????????????????????

??????????????????????????:1998????,????????????????,?????3??,?????????????????????,??????????,????????????????25??????????

??,??,?????1983?????????,?????????????“?????????”?????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????15??????????????????????????????????????????????????,???

??,?,?????:??????????????,???,????“?????????????????????”?????????????????????10??????,???????????,??????????????34????????100????????,??,??,??????????80???????????,??????????????2008???,?????????????«????»??,???

?????????????????,??????????“???????????”?????????????,??,??????????,???«?????????????????????»??????????????

??????????????????????:????????????,???????????????

?????:??«??»??????,????????????????????17??,??????????????????,????“????????????”??????,??????????????????????????????????????“??????????????????”??????????20????,???????“?????”,??“??”,?????????????????????

?????????,?????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????;?,??????????????????????,??????,?????

????????????????,???????????????,????????????????????????????????1757???1772?????«????????????????????»????«???????????»,??????????,??????,???????????,?????,??????,????????????????“?????????????????”(Chinoiserie)??????????????

???????????,?????????????????????????????,???????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????,???

???:????,???????,???????????

??????:?????17?????????????,????,?????????,???????????,?,???????,???????????????,?????????,???,????????????????????

????????????1735??????????????????«????»???????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,????????1752???????????????????«?????????»(A Particular Account of the Emperor of China’s Gardens, near Pekin)????????????,???????,??????????,?????????

?????????????????(Johannes Nieuhoff)?????????17???,???

???????????????????????(Joseph Addison)1711????1712??«??»?????????????????,?????“??????????”?????“????”????,????,????????????????

?????????????,?????????????????????,??????

?:???????????,?????????????

??????????????????:?????????????????,?????????18?????????????“???????????”,?????1782??????????????????,?????,??“??????????”,???????????

1779?,?????“???”??“????????????”???????????????????????????«????»?????????1941?????????????????????,???“???????????”“?????????????????”“??????”“??”????“??”?

????,????,????????????????????“?????”????,????????????????????????“???????????”????????????????,????,??????????????????

????????????,???????????????????????,?????????????

????????????????:??????,????,?????

???????????:????,????????????????????????????“??”???,??????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????,????????,????????????,???????

???????????????????,????????????????,?????????????????????????,???,????,??????????(????????) ?????????????????:?????????