????????????????|????:????

????:???????:??????100????

???????12??19???? ???????????????:?????????

?????????????????????????????????

???????????????? ????

??????????????????????????????“??”?????

????????????:

??????????:?????

???:1998????,???????????,??3?????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????,??25???

???????,?????,???????????1983????????????,?“?????????????”?????????????,?????????????????????????????????15????????????????????????????????????,?????????????

????,??????????,????????????:?????????????????????,?,???“??????????????????????”????????10?????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?34?????????????100????,?????,???????,?????????????80?????,?????????????????2008????,??????????«?????»????????,????????????

??????????,????“????????????”??????????????,?,??????????????????????????????????,???????????«??»???

?????:????????,???????????????

?????:???????«????»????????????,??????????17??????,?????,?????????????“?????”?????????????,?????????“???”?????????????20????,?????????“?????????????????????”,??“???????????????????????”,??????????

????????,?????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????;???????????,????????????????????????????????????,???,???

?????????????????,?????????????,??????????????????1757?????1772????«?????????????????????????????????»??????«????»,????????????,?????,???????????,??????????????,??,??“?????”(Chinoiserie)???????????????

????,??????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,?????????,????

????????:????????,????????????,???????

???????????:???????17????????????,?,?????????????,????????????,?????????,???,??????????????????????,????????,????????????????,???????????

????????????????1735??«?????????»??????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????,?????1752??????«???»(A Particular Account of the Emperor of China’s Gardens, near Pekin)????,??????????,???????????,???

????????????????(Johannes Nieuhoff)??????17??,?????

??????????????????????????????????????????????(Joseph Addison)1711????1712????«????????»?????,???????“????????????”???????????“??????”??????????????????,?????,??????????????????

?????????????????????????,??,????????????

??:????,?????????????

??:?????????,??????????????????????????18????“?”,??1782?????????,?????????????,????“????”,?????????????????

1779?????????????????,?????“????”????????“??????????????????????”????????????????????????????????«???»????????1941??????????????????,?“?”“?????????”“????”“???????????????”??“???????????????????”?

?????????????????????,????,????????????????“????????????????”???????,?????????“????????????????”???????,?????????,?????????

??,???????????????????????????,???

????:??,??,?????????????????

??????????????????:??,??????????????????????????????“??”???,????????????,?????????????,??,?????????,?????????

??????????????????????,?,???????????????????????????,?????????,????,???????????????(???) ???:???