????:1????????:???????

2???????????

3????????

4????????

5?????

????????75??????75????,??????????,???????????,?????????,?,?????,??????????

?,?,????????????????,2023????223????????GDP????89??????????43.6??????……??75??????????,“????”??????????75?,??????????“?”??????????,???????????,???????????????????

???????????? ????????????

????????7.9%

?

?????????????????????,????????????????????,??????????,??????????,?????1952?????679???????,????????1978??3679??????;?????????????????????,??????,1986?1????,2000??10????????,2006???20??????????,?12?10??????????,2020????????100?????,2023??????126??,????????,2023???1952?????223?,??????????7.9%;??,19792023?????????8.9%,?3.0%??????

?GDP???????????8.9??

??

1952?,???????GDP???119????,??,?????????????????????????????GDP?????????????2019??????????,????????GDP??????????????70078??,?10158?,?1???????;2023??????????89358??,?????????????1952??????????89????????????,?6.5%,?12681?????????????,????????3??1.2????????????????????????????,2023?????????????????(GNI)??1.34?,????????????????

?????????

???????????????????

????????????,?,???????????????????????????????1952?,???????????????????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%????????????,???????????????,????

?,?????????,?????????,?????????????,???????????2023???????????????????,????????????????????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%??????????,?????9???????1.3?????????????????,???????????????????,?????????????,?????????????????????????,????,?????????“???????+”????????

“????????”????????22.4????????

??????????????

????????,?????????,???????????????,?????????????,?????????????

20132023?????,??????8.7%?10.3%,?????????????,???????????????????5G????????????????,“???????”???????,????????????????????

??????????2023??????,?421??????????????????;?????????,????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????,“???????????”???2023??????????,??????????“???”???22.4???????????,??GDP???????17.73%?

?????

??

1949??2.2???,????????????8.1???????,????????????????????????75?,?????,?,????,?????????????

2023?????????????,?15.9?,?1949??6???,???????4.5?,?????2/3????????;????????544?????,??66?,?????????18.4?????,??????????????;??12.8???,???74.1%;??876????????,2023?????????1.7??????????????????,???2016????10???????,??????????,?????????????????????????????????

????3.92??????????

????????????

1949????49.7?????1978??????????,????????171??,???????151???????,???????????????,???,?????????????,???,???2023?,?39218????????,?1949??76???,??6.0%;?????????26796??????????,?1956??36???,????????????5.5%?

????????????,????????????????????????,???????2023??,????29.8%,?1978??????????34.1????;????????????????45.2%,??????????2013???????????5.5????,???????????????????????,?????2023??????????,?49.7????????,??145.9???????????,???2013???????????2.9???2.1?????????

??????????

????????

?????????,?????????????????????????????????????,???????

???????????,???????????????????,???????????????,?????,??????????,???????,???

2023?,????10.66??????????????????????????,??????????????1989?10.09??????????;???????2.44??????????3.02????????????????,???????????????????1994?1.64??2.84?????????,??????,??????,????????

9899?????

??

?,????????????????20??????5070???????????????????,???,?????????????????????,?????“????”?????????????,?????????????????????,??????????

???????????????????,???,????????????8?,???????2020?9899??,832?,12.8????????,???????????,???????,????????????10??«????????????????????2030????»?,??????????,??

????????????60%

?

??????????,????????,??,?????

2023???,?????????????????????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;?????????????1.6???????????????????4542?,????????1949????????6.4?????????????103???,????????(OECD)???

???????????????????,?,???2023???,???????60%,????????????;?1982???8??????????????11.05????????????,????????

????

????

1950???,?11.3???????????,???????????????1978?????????????206???????,???????????,2001??????,????????????,??????????

??????????????,????????????????,?,??????1978???????1%?????????2023???12.4%,???????????????????????7??????????????????“????????????”??,??????????150???30???230?“????”?????????,??25??????????????200??????????,??“???????????????”?

???

???

??????,??????????????????????????????,????????????????,?????????????,???1999?????????????,???????????????????????????????2012????????,???,???4.9,???1952??????????8.1?

?????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????,????????????20132023???,?????6.9%?7.1%,???????????2023???,???????????????46.7%?24.4%,????2012??????2.9????0.9????????????????

?46.3??????????

????????????

???,??????????????,????1956?“?”???????????,?????????????????,?????????????????????,???????,?????????

??,??????????,?????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????“????”,????????????????????,??????????????????????????????11?????????,?,??????????????2023???????????,???????,?????????46.3???????????

?????????66%

?

?,???????????????1949?10.64%,1978??????????????????17.92%????????,?????????????????????,???????????2023??????????,?????9.3??,???1978??7.6????;????????????????66.16%,??48.24??????

?,??,??,???2023??????????,????????48.3%,????????????2015?8.4????????????????????,???????,?,?????????????????????2012?2.88:1?2023?2.39:1?2023????????????,??12.4:1,?2013????????1.4?2023????????460??,?99%??,??14.4???

??3246???????????????6833????????

??

1949????????????,????????,??,??????,???2023???????????,?3246?????6833??????????????,???????????????????????1949????????59?????????????325????;?119??(??????????????)?

??????,???,??????????,??????????,???2022????,?4.46%,???????2013??0.77??;??????????????????????2012????????888??????2023????1622????????????????????

??????????????????????????????78.6????

?????

?????,?,???????????????????????????75?????????,???????,???,????????????????????????2023???????????????,????107????????,?????1017?????????,???1249????

????,???,????????????????,??????2023?????????????,???????13.34??????,???????????????????2018????95%??????????????2023?????,??????????????????78.6???,????????????????1949????43.6??????????????,?????????????

???24.02%

??????????????

20?50??????????????,?????????,??????????,???,?????????????“??”?????????????2022?????????,??9014??????????????????,?????20???????80??????????25????????30?????;????????????????????18%,???

????????????,“????????”????????????????????????24.02%?2023???????????,??(PM2.5)?????????2016??28.6%,????????????????21.6??????????????,???????????????????????????????????,??“????????????”???“????”,????(??????????????????????????) ??????????????:???