????????????????|???:?????

????:??????:??????

???????12?????19????? ????????:???????????

????????????????????

? ??????????????

??????????????????????“???????????”???????

??:

???:??????????????????????

????????:1998???,????????????????????????,?????????????3??????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,?????????????25??????????

???????????,?,?????????1983???????,?????????“??????????”????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????15???????????????????????????????????????,??????

?,????,?????????:???????????????,?????,??“?????????????????????”??????????10???,??????,??????34??100???????,?????,??????????????????????,????80?????,?????2008????,??????«???»?,???????

????,?????“????”???????????,????????????????,?????????,????????«??»??????????

????????????:?????????????,????????????

?????????????:????«??»???????????????,????????????????17??????????????????????,?,????????“?????”???,???????“????????????????”?????????????20????????????,????????“???????”,??????????“??????????????????”,????????????????????????

???????,????,?????????????????????????????????????????????;??????????,????????????????????????,?????????,???

?????????????,?????????????????,???????????????????????????1757????1772??????«???????????????????????????»????«??»,?????????????????????????,??,????????????????????????,??,???,????????????“????????????????????????”(Chinoiserie)?????

???????????,????????????????????????????,????????,??????????,??

????:??,???,??????

?????????:?????????17?????????????????,????????????,?????????????????????,??????????????,??,??,??????????????????,?????,??,??????????????????????

??1735??«??????????????»??????????????????????????,??????????????????????,?????????????????????????1752??????????????????«????????????»(A Particular Account of the Emperor of China’s Gardens, near Pekin)???????,??????,??????,??????????????

?????????(Johannes Nieuhoff)?????????17????????????,???

??????????????????????????????????(Joseph Addison)1711?????????????????????1712?????????«????»??????????????,???“?????”?????????????????“?”?????,?????????,???

????????????,??????,????????????

?????:???????????,??????

????:???????,????18??“????????”,????1782???????????????????????????,???????????????????????,????????????“????????????????”,???

1779????????????,?????????“?????????”????????????????“????????????????”??????????????????????????????????«???»??????1941?????????,??“???????”“????”“????????????????”“?????”??“??”?

??,????,?????????“??????”?????,????“????”??????????????????,????????????,???????????

???????????????,??????????????????????????,?????

?????:????,?,???

?????????:?????????????????,????????????????????“?????????”??????,???????????????????????,?????????????????,????????????,???????????,??????????????????

???????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,??????????????????,?????????????,???????????????,??????(????????????????) ????????????:??????????