????|????????????????:????

????:??????:???????

????12???19????? ??????????:??????

???????

????????? ?

?????????????????????????????????????“????????”?????

???????????????????????:

???:???????

????????????????:1998???????,??????????????????,??3???,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????,????????????????????25???????????

???????,?????,??1983???????????????,??????????????????????“?????????????????”???,?????????????????????15????????????????????????????,?????????

??????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????,??????:?????,?????,????????????“??????????????????????”????????????10??,????????????????,??????????????34????????????????100?????,?????,????,?????80????????????,???2008??,?«????????????????»?????????????????????,??????

???????????????????,?????“????????????????”?????????????????????????????,??????,???????????????,??«?????????»??????????

????:???????????????????????????????????????????????,???????

?????????????????????:?????«?????????????????»????????,????????????17????????,??????????????????,????“??????”?????,????????????“????????????”??20??????,??????????????????????????“?”,????????????????“?????????????”,??????????????

??????????,??????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????;????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????,??????

??????????????????,??????????????,?????????????????1757??????????1772??????«??????????????????????????????????»????????????«??»,????????,???????????????,??????????????,????,????,??“????????”(Chinoiserie)????

??????????????,?????????????????????????,????????????????????,??????,??????????????????

???????????:???????,??,??

???:????????17??,????,????????,??????????????????????,????????????????,???,????????????????????,???????,?????????,???

????1735????«?????»???????????????????????????,??????????,?????????1752?????«??????»(A Particular Account of the Emperor of China’s Gardens, near Pekin)?????????,??,??????????,??

??????????????????(Johannes Nieuhoff)??????????17?????,????????????

???????????(Joseph Addison)1711????????1712?????????«??????????»????,?????????????“????”??????????????“????”???,???,???????

?????????????????????,??,?????????????

??????????:?,???????????????????

?????:??????????????,???18?“???????????????????”,????????1782????????????????????,???,?????????“????????????”,?????????????????

1779??,?????????????“???????????”????“?????????”??????????????«????????????????»?????????????1941????????????????,????“??????????????”“????”“??”“??”?????????“?????”?

???????????????,????,?????????????????“?????????????”?,???????“??”???????????,??????????,???????

??,???????????????????????????,???

????:?????,???????,???????

????????????:????,?????????????“?????????????????”???,??????????????????,?????????????????,?????????????????????,???,??????

???????????,????,??????????????????????????,?,????????,??????????????(???) ????????:???????????????????