????:1????????:??????

2????????

3??????????

4?????

5??????

????????????12??19???????????? ??:????????

?????????????????????????

???????????? ????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“??????????”????????????

?????:

?????:????????????

?????:1998??,???????????????,???3?????,????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,???????????25??????

???,??????????????????????,???????????1983??,??“?????????”???,???????????????????????????15?????????????????,???

??????,???????????,?????????:??????,?????,???????????“????”??????????????????10?????,??????,?34?????????????????100???????,??,????????????,?????80??,???????2008?????????????,??????????????«?????????????»?,???

??,???????????????“?????????”??????????????????????,?????,???????????,??????????????????????«????»?????

??:??????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???:????«????»?????,?????????????17????????????,?????,?????????“?????”??,?????????“?????????????????”?????????????????20????,??????????????“????”,?????“????????????”,???????

?????????????,????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????;???????????,??????????????,?,???????????????????????????

??,????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????1757?????????????1772??????????????????????????????????«???????????????»???????????«????»,??????????????????,?????????,??????????,????????????????,????????????,??“????”(Chinoiserie)??????

??????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????,??????????????????,??????

?:??????????,???????????????,????????

????:?????17????????????????????,??????,?????????????????????,??????????????,?????????????????,???????,???????????????????,?????,????????????,???

??????????????????1735??«????»?????????????????????????,???????????,??????????????1752?????«???»(A Particular Account of the Emperor of China’s Gardens, near Pekin)?????????,????????,??????????,???

??????????????(Johannes Nieuhoff)????????????????????????17?????,??????????

??????????????????????????????????(Joseph Addison)1711??????????????1712????«??»?????????????????,????????????“???????????????????”??“??????????????????????”??????,??????????,????????

????????????????????????????,??????????,?????

????:??,?????

????????????:??????,??????18?????“??????????????????”,????????1782??????????????????,?????????????????,??“????”,?????

1779????,????“?????”?????“???????????”???????????????????«???»?????????????1941??????????????????????????????,???????“??????????????”“????????????????”“???????????????”“???”????“?????????????????”?

??,????,?“???????????”?????????????,??????“?????????????”?????????????????????,????????????,???

????,??????????????,?????

????????????????:?????????????????,????????????,??????

??????:?,?????????????????“??????????”???????,???????????????????????,????,?????????,????????,???

?????????,??????????,??????,????????????????,????????????,?????(????) ??:????