????:1????????:??????????

2???SPA??

3??????????

4???????

5?????800

??????????75??75????????????????,????????????,?????????????????????????,??,?????????,???????????????????,???

?,?????,?????????????????????????,2023?????????????????????223?????????????GDP????89????????????????????????????43.6??????????……??????????????75???????,“?????????”?????75?????????????,??“??????????”????,??????????????????,???????

???????? ??

?????7.9%

????

?????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????,??,???????1952?679???????????????,???1978?3679??;?????????,?,1986????????1?????,2000??10????,2006????????????20????,???12??????????10????,2020??100????????????,2023?126?????,?????????????????????,2023?????????1952????????????????223??,?7.9%;???,19792023????????8.9%,??3.0%????

??????GDP????????????8.9???

????????????

1952?????????????????????,?GDP???????????????????????????119????,?,?????GDP?????2019?,??GDP??70078???????????????????,??????????10158??,?????1?????;2023?89358???,?1952????????89??????????,???????6.5%,????12681??????????,????3??????????????1.2?????????????????????????,2023??????????????(GNI)?????1.34??,???????????????

?

???????????????????

??,??,?????????1952????,???????????50.5%?20.8%?28.7%??????????????,???????????,????????????

?????????,????????????,???????????,?????,??2023??????????,?????????????????????????7.1%?38.3%?54.6%??????????,??9???1.3?,????????,?????????????,?????????????????????,????????,?????“???+”???????

“??????????”?????22.4??

???????????????????????

?,????????????????,?????????,???????????????????????,?????????????????????

20132023??,????????????8.7%?10.3%,????????????,???????????????5G????????,“??”???????,????????????????????????????????

?2023????,???????????421????????????;???,????????????

?????????????,?????????????????????,“??”??????????????????2023????????????,?“??”??????22.4??????????,?????????????GDP?????17.73%?

???

?????????

1949????2.2???????????????,????8.1?????????????,??????75????????,?,??????????,?????????,???????????????

2023????????,??15.9?????????,?????????1949?????6??????????????????,?4.5?,????????????2/3?;??????????544????????????,?????????????????????????????66???,?18.4????????,??????;??????????????????????????????12.8???????????????????????,??74.1%;???876??????,2023??????????1.7??????????,???2016??????10??,????????????????,??????????????????????????????????

??????3.92????

???????

1949????49.7??????????????1978??????,??????????171???????,??151???,???????,???????????????????,????????????,????,???2023????????,?39218??,???1949?????????76??????????,?6.0%;??????????26796??????????,?????????????1956???36?,??5.5%?

??????????????,?????????,??2023????,??????29.8%,??1978??34.1???;??????????????45.2%,????????????2013?5.5??????????????????????????,?????????,???????2023??????,???????49.7????????????,??????????145.9????????,????2013?2.9???????2.1???????????????????

?????????

????????????

??,??????????????????,?????????

???????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????,??,???,????????,???

2023???????,????????10.66?,?????????????????????1989????10.09???????????????????;???2.44????????3.02????????????,??????????????????1994????1.64??????????????2.84???????????????????,???????,?????,??????

9899????????????

??????????????????

????????????,????????????????????20?5070???,???????,?????????????????????????,?????????“?”??,?????????????,???????

???,?,?????????????????8????????????,??2020??9899??????????,832?,12.8??????????????,???????,????????????????,??????10???«?2030???????»?????,??,???

??????????????????????60%

?

??????????,???????????,??????????????,?????

2023??,??????????????????????91.1%?95.7%?91.8%;????1.6??????????4542?????????,????????????????1949???????6.4???103???,??????????????????????????(OECD)??????????

??????????,????????????????,??????????????????2023??????,??????????60%,????;?????????????1982???8????11.05???????,?????????????????????????

???????

??

1950??????????,???????????????????11.3????????,???1978?206?????????????,????????,2001????,?????????,?????????????

???,?????,?????????????,????????1978??1%?2023?????????12.4%,?7????????????????“???????”????,???????150????30??230????????“?”?,???25??????????200????????,??“??”?

????????????????????????

??????????

??????????,?,?????,?????????????????,??1999??????,??????????????????????????2012??,????,??4.9,??????????1952??8.1?

??,????????????????????????????????????????????,???20132023??,??????6.9%?7.1%,??2023???,????????????????????46.7%?24.4%,?2012???????????2.9?????????????0.9?????

????46.3???????????

??????????

????????,?????,???????????1956??“???????????”?,?????????,??,??,?????????

??,?,??????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????“?”,?????,????11???????????????????,?????,???????????????2023??,?????????,?46.3??

???????????66%

????????????????????

????????????????,????1949?????????10.64%,1978??17.92%???????????,?????????????????????,?????????????2023?,???9.3??????????,????1978??????????????????????????7.6???????????;?66.16%,??48.24?????????

??????,??,??????????????,???????????2023?,?????48.3%,??????????2015?8.4????,??????????????,????,?????????????2012??????????2.88:1???????2023????????2.39:1?2023?,???????????12.4:1,??????2013????1.4?2023???????460?,??????????????99%????,?????????14.4????????????

???????????3246???????????????6833???

??????????

1949??,???????????????????,????????????,????????????,?????????2023?????,???3246??????6833?????????????????,??1949?59??????325????????????;???????????119?(???)?

??????????????????????????????,????????,???????????,?????????,????????????2022?,???4.46%,????????2013???????0.77???;?????2012????888?2023??????????1622???

?????????????78.6??

????????????????

?,??,??????????75??,?????????????,?????,??????2023????????,??????????107????????,????????1017??,???????????1249?????

???????,??,????????????,???????2023???????,??13.34???????,????2018????????????95%??????????2023??????????????????,??78.6???,????????????1949?????43.6?????????,???

????????24.02%

???

20???50???????????,???,???????????,??,???“??”????????????????2022??????????????????????????????,??????????9014??????????????????,???????20????????????????80?25??????????30?????????????;????18%,?????

?,“??????????????”??????24.02%?2023?????????,??????(PM2.5)???2016???????????28.6%,???????????????????????21.6????????????????????????,???????????????????,????????“?????????????”?????“??”,?????(????????) ??????:??