????:2024-08-23 20:04:25 ??:????
????:?????:???????
????????????????? ?
2024???????8?????????????20????,???????????????(AS689)??????????,[1]????17%-36.3%??????????????????????(???????????????????9%)??2023????9???????????????????????????13?????????????????????????????????????????????,???????,?2023?????????????10?????????????4?????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????,?????????????
???????????????,??,??????????????????????????????,?????????????????????(??????????)???????,?????«???»?????????,????????????????????????????2019????«??????????»?????,???????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????2020???????????,?«???»,????????,????????????????,????,???????,????????????????
??????????????????????????????,????????
?????????????????????????????????????
(?)?????????????????????,??????????????
1. ???
??????,????????????????1951??????,??(?????????????????????????????????????)?????«??»,?????????(ECSC),??????????????????,????,?????????????????????????????
1957???,??«?»???????????«??????????»??????????????????????(Euratom),?????????????(????????????????),???,?,???????????????????????????????????????????(EEC),?????,????????????????????????????????,????????????????????92??94??????(state aid),?????[2]
2. ?
1965?????,???????«???????»,????????,??????????????,?????????????????????,?«????»????????????????????
1974??????,???????«?????????????1985?»,?????????????1985????????????????????50%,??????????????????????,???????[3]
????????????????????,???????????,??????????????????????????,????????????????,???????,???
(??)????????????????
1980????????????????????,?«????????????????1990???????????????»,???????????????,??????????[4]??????????????1974???
1986?????,???«??»,[5]???,????????,??
?????????????,???????,??,?????
????????????????????????
1992?????????,????????«??»(??????«??»),???????????????????????????????????(EU),?????????????????????(EEC)?????????????(EC),???«???????????»????«??????»?????????????????????
???????????????????????«??»??,??????????????,«???»??????????130??????,???????????????
???????????,?????,???????????????
(????????)????
1995???,???«??????»???,???????????????????????,??[6]
1997??,????«??????:????????»??????????,[7]?????,???,????????????????
2000?,?????«??????»???????????,???,???????????????????????????[8]
?????????,?,???????????????????????
(????)????
????,??????2006?????????????«???????????????????????????????»????????,?????????????,?,????????????????????,????????????????????[9]
2007?,?????????????«???????»,??????????«?»??????????????????«??»,?«?????????»????????«?????????????????????????????»????????????????????,«????????????????»???????88???4??????????????,?????,??«?????????»????????????????,??????????[10]
2010???????????????????????,????????????????????????????????«???????2020???????????»,????????????????????????,??????????[11]
2011???????????????????,????????«2050????????»,????????2020??????????????????????,??????????,??????(?????????????????)?????,????????????????????[12]
??,???,??????????
?????????????????????????????
??????«??????»???107????,????,??????????????????????(??????),???????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:???????,?????,???????,?????????;??????????????????????????????,?????????????
?2023?????????????7?????WTO?????????,[13]?????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????,????????2021-2022?2273.5?????????
??,?????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????,??????
(???)???????????????????????????????????
1. ???????????????????????????????
2014?????????????????,?????«2030?»,???????????????2030???????????????????????????,?????,?????????????????,???2030??????????????????27%,?????????????????????????????????[14]
2015??????,???????????????????????«???????????»,???????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????,??????????,??????[15]
2018????????,??????????«??????????»,????????????????????2030??????????????????32%,????[16]
?????????????????????,??????????«?????????????????????????????????????????»,??????2050??????????,???????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????,????????????????????????????????[17]
2. ??????«??????????????»???«?????»?????????????????????????????????
2019???????????????????,???????????????«???????????????????»,????????????????????,??????????????,??????2030?1990?55%??2050???????????????????????????
???????????,?????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????,«?????????????????????»???:???????????????????;??????????;?,????????????????????,?????????????,??????????????????????,?????????????[18]
2020??3?????,???????????????«?????»,???:????????????????;???????????????;??2021??????5?????????????????????????[19]???,????,??????????????????????????????????,????????????????,?????,???????(IPCEI)??????????????????????,????????
2022??,??,???,???????REPowerEU??,??????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????,???????2030??????????45%,???????[20]
3. ????????????????????
2023????????????,?????«????»,?«????»,??,??????????????[21]
2024???,??????«?????»??????????????????????«???»??????????????«??????????????????????????????»??
«?»??[22]???????????????????????????????????;???????2030?????,??????40%;???????????????????(NZSPs),???,???????????;?????????«???????»?????????,??????
«?»?????????????????????????????,???2030???????????????????????????????,?,??-?????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????
(?????????????????)????????????
1. ?
2018?????????????????????,??????«???????????:??????????»,???????????????????,?,??,??????????????????????(electro-mobility,????????????????????????????)?
???????(CEF),?????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????,?,??????,???????????????????????????
2. ????
2017???????????????,?????????????????????????????,????????????,???????,??????????????????,???[23]
2018????????,?«???????»,???????????????????????????????????????,????????[24]???,???:?????????????;?????,??????;??,??;???;???????????????????(???????????????);???
???,???????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????,??????
(?????)??
1. ?
2022?????????????,?????«?»,?????2025???320????????????????????????(GW)???2030???600????????????[25]??????????????????????????????,??
?????????,??:?????,??;??????????;????????????????????????,??;?????????????????????????
2. ???????????????
???????,?????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:????,??????;??????????????,???????;??????;????????????????????????;??????
2024?,?????????«?????????»,???????????????????????????????????????????????,???????(??????????)????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????,????
?????????,??????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????,??
??????????????:? - ?????????
(????)??????????:????????????????????????????
??????????????2006???????,????????????????????????????????«????????»«??????????????????????????????»«?»???,??????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????
?????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????,?????2020????????2???226????????12????????????????????????31??????,?7230??????????,??????3380?????????????????????,3850??????????????,?????????????37%???????????????2024?????????????????????4?,???????879??????????,????????????????????????????????????????25.7%?[26]
???????????(CEF)?????????«????????????????????????»?,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????2021-2027?,?59.4???[27]
????????????????????????,?????????:???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????[28]??????????????????????????????????????2023??????????,???????2021-2022???????2273.5????????????????????????????
(?????????????????????)????????????:???
?????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????,????????????!
?,???????????????,????????,????,??????????????????,?????????????????[29]
???????????????8??????20?,?????????,??????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????,???,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????,???,???,????????????????????????,?????????[30]
???????????,??2035???,?????????????????????????????,?????????(?)?????????????????????,????,???[31]
2024????????????8?9???,??????(WT/DS626??????),[32]??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«??»?????6???????????????«??????????»??1??2???????????????????10??17???????????????????????????????????????????19???22?????????????32???,???,????
(??????)???????????????:??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????,????????????,?«?»«????»«?????????????????»?,??????????????????,??,????????????????????????????????????,???
????,???,?,?????????????,??????,????????????????????????????
?????????1957????«????????»???????????????????,??????????????????????«?»???????????????????,????????????????????,????????????????????????????
???????????????,2018????????????2024???8??????,???????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????362??????(???????????????????????????????????320???),????????????????????????68?????(?????21%),?????61?????(?????????17%)?[33]?????,????,??????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????|?????????? ???????????????? ?
???
[1]??????:
[2]??«??????????????»???298??????51????????????????????52????????????????
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]????????????????:??????????????,2024??????????????????????4?????????????
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]??:
[30]?:
[31]
[32]?????????(WT/DS626??????????????):
[33] ????????????:?????
????