???“??????”????????????

????:?????:???????

????????????????? ?

2024???????8?????????????20????,???????????????(AS689)??????????,[1]????17%-36.3%??????????????????????(???????????????????9%)??2023????9???????????????????????????13?????????????“?????????????????”???????????????,???????,?2023?????????????10?????????????4?????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???“??”???,?????????????

???????????????,??,??????????????????????????????,???????????????“??????”(??????????)???????,?????«???»?????????,????????????????????“?”???????2019????«??????????»?????,???????????????????????,?“??????????????”??????????????????2020???????????,?«???»,????????,????????“??????”??,????,???????,????????????????

????????“??????????????”????????,????????

?????????????????????????????????????

(?)?????????????????????,??????????????

1. ???

??????,????????????????1951??????,??(?????????????????????????????????????)?????«??»,?????“????”(ECSC),??????????????????,????,?????????????????????????????

1957???,??«?»???????????«??????????»???“???????????????????”(Euratom),?????????????(????????????????),???,?,????????????????????????????????????????“???”(EEC),?????,????????????????????????????????,????????????????????92??94??????(state aid),?????[2]

2. ?

1965?????,???????«???????»,????????,??????????????,?????????????????????,?«????»????????????????????

1974??????,???????«?????????????1985?»,?????????????1985????????????????????50%,??????????????????????,???????[3]

????????????????????,???????????,??????????????????????????,????????????????,???????,???

(??)????????????????

1980????????????????????,?«????????????????1990???????????????»,???????????????,??????????[4]??????????????1974???

1986?????,???«??»,[5]???,????????,??

?????????????,???????,??,?????

????????????????????????

1992?????????,????????«??»(??????«??»),??????????????“?????????????????????”(EU),????????“?????????????”(EEC)???“??????????”(EC),???«???????????»????«??????»?????????????????????

???????????????????????«??»??,??????????????,«???»??????????130??????,???????????????

???????????,?????,???????“?”???????

(????????)????

1995???,???«??????»???,???????????????????????,??[6]

1997??,????«??????:????????»??????????,[7]?????,???,????????????????

2000?,?????«??????»???????????,???,???????????????????????????[8]

?????????,?,???????????????????????

(????)????

????,??????2006?????????????«???????????????????????????????»????????,?????????????,?,????????????????????,????????????????????[9]

2007?,?????????????«???????»,??????????«?»??????????????????«??»,?«?????????»????????«?????????????????????????????»????????????????????,«????????????????»???????88???4??????????????,?????,??«?????????»?“???”????????????,??????????[10]

2010???????????????????????,????????????????????????????????«???????2020???????????»,????????????????????????,??????????[11]

2011???????????????????,????????«2050????????»,????????2020??????????????????????,??????????,??????(?????????????????)?????,????????????????????[12]

??,???,??????????

???????????????????“????”??????

??????«??????»???107????,????,??????????????????????(??????),???????????????

?????????????????????“????????????????????????”????????????:???????,?????,???????,?????????;??????????????????????????????,?????????????

?2023?????????????7?????WTO?????????,[13]?????????????????????????,?“??????????????”??????“?????”???????????????,????????????????????????????????????,????????2021-2022?2273.5?????????

??,????????“????????????????????????”?,?????????????????????????,??????

(???)???????????????????????????“???”?????

1. ????????????????????“??????”?????

2014?????????????????,?????«2030?»,???????????????2030???????????????????????????,?????,?????????????????,???2030??????????????????27%,?????????????????????????????????[14]

2015??????,???????????????????????«???????????»,?????“??????????????”,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????“??”??????????????,??????????,??????[15]

2018????????,??????????«??????????»,????????????????????2030??????????????????32%,????[16]

?????????????????????,??????????«?????????????????????????????????????????»,??????2050???“?????”??,???????????????“???????”?,?????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????,????????????????????????????????[17]

2. ??????«??????????????»???«?????»?“??”??????????????????????????????

2019???????????????????,???????????????«???????????????????»,????????????????????,??????????????,??????2030?1990?55%??2050????“??????????”?????????????

???????????,???“????????????????????????”??????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????“?????”??????????????????????????,«?????????????????????»???:???????????????????;??????????;?,????????????????????,?????????????,??????????????????????,?????????????[18]

2020??3?????,???????????????«?????»,???:????????????????;?????????????“??”;??2021??????5?????????????????????????[19]???,????,??????????????????????????????????,????????????????,?????,??“?????”(IPCEI)??????????????????????,????????

2022??,??,???,???????“REPowerEU”??,??????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????,???????2030??????????45%,???????[20]

3. ????????????????????

2023????????????,?????«????»,?«????»,??,?????“???”??????[21]

2024???,??????«?????»??????????????????????«???»??????????????«??????????????????????????????»??

«?»??[22]????????????“??????”?????????????????;???????2030?????,??????40%;????????????????“???”(NZSPs),???,???????????;?????????«???????»?????????,??????

«?»?????????????????????????????,???2030???????????????????????????????,?,??-?????????????????????????,?????????“??????????????????????????”??????????????

(?????????????????)????????????

1. ?

2018?????????????????????,??????«???????????:??????????»,???????????????????,?,??,?????????????????“?????”(electro-mobility,????????????????????????????)?

??“?????”(CEF),?????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????,?,??????,???????????????????????????

2. ????

2017???????????????,?????????????“????????????????”,????????????,???????,??????????????????,???[23]

2018????????,?«???????»,???????????????????????????????????????,????????[24]???,???:?????????????;?????,??????;??,??;???;???????????????????(???????????????);???

???,???????,??????“?????????????????”????????????????????????????????????“????”??????????,????,??????

(?????)??

1. ?

2022?????????????,?????«?»,?????2025???320????????????????????????(GW)???2030???600????????????[25]??????????????????????????????,??

?????????,??:??“???”,??;??????????;????????????????????????,??;?????????????????????????

2. ???????????????

???????,?????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:????,??????;??????????????,???????;??????;????????????????????????;??????

2024?,?????????«?????????»,???????????????????????????????????????????????,???????(??????????)??????????????????????????????“?????????????????”?????????,?????,????

?????????,??????????????????,????????????????????????????“??????????????”??????????????“???”???????,????,??

??????????????:? - ?????????

(????)??????????:????“????????????????????”????

??????????????2006???????,???????????“??????”???????????????«????????»«??????????????????????????????»«?»???,??????????????,??????????“??????”????????????????????????????,???????????????

?????????,“??????????????”???????????“?????”??????????????????????????,??????,?????2020????????2???226????????12????????????????????????31??????,?7230??????????,??????3380?????????????????????,3850??????????????,?????????????37%???????????????2024?????????????????????4?,???????879??????????,??????????“???????????”???????????????????25.7%?[26]

“???????????”(CEF)?????????«????????????????????????»?,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????2021-2027?,?59.4???[27]

“??”??????????????????????,?????????:“????????????????????”“??????????”???????????????????????“??”?“????????????????????”???????,“????????”??????????“?????????????????????????????????”????,“?????????????????”????????????????????????????[28]“???????????????????????????”???????????2023??????????,???????2021-2022???????2273.5????????????????????????????

(?????????????????????)????????????:???

??“???????????????”????????,??????????????????“??????”??????,????????????!

?,???????????????,????????,????,??????????????????,?????????????????[29]

???????????????8??????20?,?????????,??????????????????????,??“??????????????????????????????”?????,???,?????“???”????????????“??????????????????”???????????????????????,??????????????,???,???,??????????????????????“??”,?????????[30]

???????????,??2035???,?????????????????????????????,?????????(?)?????????????????????,????,???[31]

2024????????????8?9???,??????(WT/DS626??????),[32]??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«??»?????6???????????????«??????????»??1??2???????????????????10??17???????????????????????????????????????????19???22?????????????32???,???,????

(??????)???????????????:?????????????????????????????????????“?????????”????????????????

???????????????????,????????????,?«?»«????»«?????????????????»?,??????“???????”?????,??,????????“?????????”???????????????????,???

????,???,?,?????????????,??????,?????“????”???????????????????

?????????1957????«????????»???????“?????”???????,??????????????????????«?»???????????????????,????????????????????,???“????”?????????????????????

???????????????,2018????????????2024???8??????,???????????“????”????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????362??????(???????????????????????????????????320???),????????????????????????68?????(?????21%),?????61?????(?????????17%)?[33]?????,????,??????????????????????????????“???”?????????

???????????????|?????????? ???????????????? ?

???

[1]??????:

[2]??«??????????????»???298??????51????????????????????52????????????????

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]????????????????:??????????????,2024??????????????????????4?????????????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]??:

[30]?:

[31]

[32]?????????(WT/DS626??????????????):

[33] ????????????:?????