????????????“??????”???

????:???????:????????

???????????? ??

2024???8?20?,??????(AS689)????????,[1]??????????????17%-36.3%?(??????????????9%)??????2023??????9??????13???????“??????”?,????????????????????,?????2023?????10??????????????4????????????????????????????????,??????????????,???“??????????????”???????????????,??

?,??,?????????????????,??“????”(???????)???????,?????????«???????????»???????????????????,?“?????????????”??????????????????????????2019?«?»??,??????????????????????????,?????????“??????”??2020??,???«??????????????????????»,????????????????????????????,?“??????”?????,???,??????????????,??????????

?????“?????????”??,??????????????????

????????????????????????

(??????????????)??,????

1. ??

???????,????????1951????????,????????(?????????????????????????????????????????????)???????«??????»,??????“?????”(ECSC),?????????,???,??????????????????????????????????????????

1957?????????????????????,?????«????????»?????«??»???????????????????????“?????????????????????”(Euratom),?????(????????????????),????,??????????,????????“????????????????????”(EEC),?,?????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????92????94????????(state aid),?????????????????????????[2]

2. ?????????

1965???,??«???»,???,??????????????????????????????,?,????«???????????????????????????»???????????????

1974?????????????????,????????????????????«???????1985??????»,????????1985??50%,?????????,???????????????????????????[3]

???,???????,?????????????????????????????????,??????,????????,??????

(??????????????????????)?????

1980??,???«????????????????????????1990?»,????????????,?????????????[4]???????1974????

1986?????????????????????,??????????????«???»,[5]???,????????,????????????????

????,??????,??,????????????????

????????????

1992??????,?????????????«??????»(????«???????????????»),??????????????????“??”(EU),????????????????“???????”(EEC)???????????????“?”(EC),?«?????????????????????»?????«???????????»???????

??????????«?????»?????,??????,«?????»??130???????,?????

?????????????????,??????,??????“?”????

(??????????????????????)??????

1995?????????,?????????????????????«???»????,?????????????????,???[6]

1997???????????????,?????????????«?????????:???????????????????????????????»?????????,[7]????????????????,????,???????????????????????????

2000????????,??????????«???????????????????????»???????????,???,??????????????[8]

????????????????,??????,???????????????

(???)????????????????????

?,?2006?«???????????????????????????????????????????»?????????????,??????????????????????????,?????????????????????,??????,????????[9]

2007???,??????«???????»,????????????«?????????»?«?»,?????????????????????«????????????????»???????«????????????????????????»???????????????,«?????»??88???????????4???????,???,??«?????»??“????????????????????????”???,???????[10]

2010????????????????,?«??2020???????????»,???????,???????????????[11]

2011?,??????«2050???????????»,?2020??????????,?????,??????????(???????????????????????????????????)???????????????,??????????????[12]

????,????????????????,???????????????????????????????

????????????????????“????”??

????????????????«????»???????????????107??,??????????,????????????????????????(???????),??

???????“?????”?????:??????,??????????????????????,??,???????;???????????,?????????????

????????2023?????????????????7???WTO????????????????,[13]???????????????????????????,?“??????????????”??????“????”????????,??????????,???2021-2022??????????2273.5??????????????

?????????????,???????“????????????”????????????????????,?????????????,?????????????

(???????????????????)?????????????????????“?????????”??

1. ?????“?”?????

2014????,???????«2030???????»,???????????????????2030???????????,?,????????????????????????,??????2030?????????????27%,?????????[14]

2015????????????????????????,???«?????????»,??????????“???????????????????????”,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????“??”??????????,???,???????????????????[15]

2018???,??«?????????????»,????????????2030?32%,???????????[16]

???,?????«??????????????????»,???2050???????????“??????????????”?????????????????,????“??????????????????”??,??????????????,????????????????????,????????[17]

2. ????????«?????????????????????»?«????????????????????????»???????????????“???”?????????????????

2019???,?????????????????«?»,???,???????????????,??????????2030??1990??????55%???????2050??????????????“?”????????????

???????,??????“????????????????????????????????”??????????,??????????????????????????,??????????????????????????“???”????????????????????????,«????????»???????:????;???????????????????????????;????????????????????????,?????????????,?????????????????,?????????????????????????????,???[18]

2020???????3?????,????«?????????»,??????????:???;?????????“????”;?????????????????????????2021??????????????5???????????????????????????????????[19]??????????,?????,?????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,??????,??“?????????”(IPCEI)??????,???????????????????????????????

2022????????,????,??????,????“REPowerEU”?????????????????,????????????????,??????????????????????????,?2030???????????45%,?????[20]

3. ??????????

2023??????,????«??????????????»,?«??????????????????????????»,?????,???????“???????”?????????????????[21]

2024???,???????????????«??????»??????????????????«??????????????»???????????????«??????????»???????????

«??????????????????»?????[22]?“????????”??????????????;???2030??,?40%;????????????????????“????????????????????”(NZSPs),?,?;??«????????»?????,????????????????????

«??????????????????»??????????????????,????????????????2030???????????????????????????????????,??,????????????????????-????????????????????????????,??“???”????????????????????

(???????)????

1. ??

2018??????????,??????????«??????:?????????????????????????»,???,???,???????,??????????????“?????”(electro-mobility,???????????????????????)?

??????“????????”(CEF),??????????,?????????????????????????????????????,???,?????????????????????????,???

2. ?????????????

2017???????????????,????“???????????????????”,?????????????????,???,???????,????[23]

2018??????,??????????????????????????????«??»,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????[24]???????????,?:???????????;???,?????????;???????????,??????;???;??????????????(?????????);??????

??????,??????,?????????????????“???”????????“?????”?,?????????????,??????????????????????????

(????????????????????)????????????????????????????

1. ??????????

2022??????????????,????????????«????????????????»,??????????????????????????????2025??????????320????????(GW)?????2030???????600????[25]??????????????????,????????????????????????

?????????????,????????????????????????????:???“?”,??????????;?;?,?????????;?????????

2. ???????????

???????????,???????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:???????????????????,?????????????????;????????,?????????;???????????????;????????;???????

2024?????????????,???????????????????????????«???????????????????????????»,??????????????,?????(??????)?????????????“????????????????????????”??????????,?,????

?????????????????????,??????,???????????????????????????????????????“?????????????????”??????“????????”???????????,???,?????????

????????????????????????????????:??????????????? - ???????????????????????????

(??????)?:??“??????????”???

???????2006??????,????????????????????“?????????????????”?????«??»«?»«????»??,?,?????????????“???”??????,??????

?????????????????????????,“??????????????????????????”??“???”?????????,?,?????????????????????2020??????????????????????2?????2026????????????????????12????????????????31?,????????????????????7230?????,????????????????????????3380??,3850??????????????,?????37%??????????????2024????4??????????????????,?879?????????,?“????”??25.7%?[26]

“???”(CEF)????????«?»???????,??????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????2021-2027???,?????59.4????[27]

“??????????”????,???:“??????????”“???”????????????“????????????”?“???????”?????,“?????”???“???????????”????????????????,“???????????????????”????????[28]“???????????”???????????2023?????????????,???????????2021-2022?2273.5?????????????

(?????)??:???

?????????????????“?”???????????????????????????,?“????????????????????”?????????????????????????????????????,???????!

??????,???????,???????????????,???????,???????????????????,???[29]

??????8?????????????????????20?????????????????,????????????,????????????,???????????“??????????????????????”???????,??????????,??“??????”?????????????????“????????”??????????????????,?????????????????,????????,????????????????,???????????????????????????????“???????????????”,????????[30]

???????,???????????2035?,????????????,?????????????????????(???)??????????????????????,??????,?????????????????[31]

2024??????????????????????8???9??????????,?(WT/DS626???),[32]????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«?????????????????????»?6????????????????????????«????????????»???????????????1???2?????????????????????10??????17??????????????19??????????????????22???32?????,???????????,???????????????

(?)?????????:??“??”?

?????,???????????????????????,??«??????????»«??»«??????»?,??????????“????????????????????”??????,????????????,??“???????????????????”??????????,??????????????

????,?????,???????????????????????????????????,???,??????,?????????????????????“?????????”????????????????

??????1957?????????????«????????????????????????????????»????“?”??????????????,?«??????»?????????????????????????????????,????????????,????“???????????”?????????????

???????????,2018?????????2024?8???????,???“?”????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????362???(?320?????????????????????????????),??????????68???????(?????21%),??????61?(???17%)?[33]???,??????????????????,?????????“??????????????”????

????????????|?????????????????? ?? ??????????????

????????

[1]?????:

[2]?«????»?????????????298??????????51????????52??

[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.

[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.

[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.

[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.

[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.

[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.

[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.

[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.

[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.

[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.

[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.

[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.

[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.

[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.

[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.

[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europe’s Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.

[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.

[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.

[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.

[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.

[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.

[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.

[26]???????:????????????????????????????????,2024????4??????

[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.

[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.

[29]???????????????????:

[30]???????????????:

[31]

[32]???(WT/DS626????????????????????):

[33] ??????:????????????