????:2024-08-23 17:16:25 ??:????
????:???????:????????
???????????? ??
2024???8?20?,??????(AS689)????????,[1]??????????????17%-36.3%?(??????????????9%)??????2023??????9??????13??????????????,????????????????????,?????2023?????10??????????????4????????????????????????????????,??????????????,????????????????????????????????,??
?,??,?????????????????,??????(???????)???????,?????????«???????????»???????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????2019?«?»??,??????????????????????????,?????????????????2020??,???«??????????????????????»,????????????????????????????,????????????,???,??????????????,??????????
????????????????,??????????????????
????????????????????????
(??????????????)??,????
1. ??
???????,????????1951????????,????????(?????????????????????????????????????????????)???????«??????»,???????????(ECSC),?????????,???,??????????????????????????????????????????
1957?????????????????????,?????«????????»?????«??»????????????????????????????????????????????(Euratom),?????(????????????????),????,??????????,????????????????????????????(EEC),?,?????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????92????94????????(state aid),?????????????????????????[2]
2. ?????????
1965???,??«???»,???,??????????????????????????????,?,????«???????????????????????????»???????????????
1974?????????????????,????????????????????«???????1985??????»,????????1985??50%,?????????,???????????????????????????[3]
???,???????,?????????????????????????????????,??????,????????,??????
(??????????????????????)?????
1980??,???«????????????????????????1990?»,????????????,?????????????[4]???????1974????
1986?????????????????????,??????????????«???»,[5]???,????????,????????????????
????,??????,??,????????????????
????????????
1992??????,?????????????«??????»(????«???????????????»),????????????????????(EU),???????????????????????(EEC)????????????????(EC),?«?????????????????????»?????«???????????»???????
??????????«?????»?????,??????,«?????»??130???????,?????
?????????????????,??????,???????????
(??????????????????????)??????
1995?????????,?????????????????????«???»????,?????????????????,???[6]
1997???????????????,?????????????«?????????:???????????????????????????????»?????????,[7]????????????????,????,???????????????????????????
2000????????,??????????«???????????????????????»???????????,???,??????????????[8]
????????????????,??????,???????????????
(???)????????????????????
?,?2006?«???????????????????????????????????????????»?????????????,??????????????????????????,?????????????????????,??????,????????[9]
2007???,??????«???????»,????????????«?????????»?«?»,?????????????????????«????????????????»???????«????????????????????????»???????????????,«?????»??88???????????4???????,???,??«?????»?????????????????????????????,???????[10]
2010????????????????,?«??2020???????????»,???????,???????????????[11]
2011?,??????«2050???????????»,?2020??????????,?????,??????????(???????????????????????????????????)???????????????,??????????????[12]
????,????????????????,???????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????
????????????????«????»???????????????107??,??????????,????????????????????????(???????),??
?????????????????:??????,??????????????????????,??,???????;???????????,?????????????
????????2023?????????????????7???WTO????????????????,[13]???????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????,??????????,???2021-2022??????????2273.5??????????????
?????????????,???????????????????????????????????????,?????????????,?????????????
(???????????????????)????????????????????????????????
1. ???????????
2014????,???????«2030???????»,???????????????????2030???????????,?,????????????????????????,??????2030?????????????27%,?????????[14]
2015????????????????????????,???«?????????»,?????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????,???,???????????????????[15]
2018???,??«?????????????»,????????????2030?32%,???????????[16]
???,?????«??????????????????»,???2050??????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????,??????????????,????????????????????,????????[17]
2. ????????«?????????????????????»?«????????????????????????»???????????????????????????????????
2019???,?????????????????«?»,???,???????????????,??????????2030??1990??????55%???????2050???????????????????????????
???????,????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????,«????????»???????:????;???????????????????????????;????????????????????????,?????????????,?????????????????,?????????????????????????????,???[18]
2020???????3?????,????«?????????»,??????????:???;?????????????;?????????????????????????2021??????????????5???????????????????????????????????[19]??????????,?????,?????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????,??????,???????????(IPCEI)??????,???????????????????????????????
2022????????,????,??????,????REPowerEU?????????????????,????????????????,??????????????????????????,?2030???????????45%,?????[20]
3. ??????????
2023??????,????«??????????????»,?«??????????????????????????»,?????,???????????????????????????????[21]
2024???,???????????????«??????»??????????????????«??????????????»???????????????«??????????»???????????
«??????????????????»?????[22]???????????????????????;???2030??,?40%;????????????????????????????????????????(NZSPs),?,?;??«????????»?????,????????????????????
«??????????????????»??????????????????,????????????????2030???????????????????????????????????,??,????????????????????-????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????
(???????)????
1. ??
2018??????????,??????????«??????:?????????????????????????»,???,???,???????,???????????????????(electro-mobility,???????????????????????)?
??????????????(CEF),??????????,?????????????????????????????????????,???,?????????????????????????,???
2. ?????????????
2017???????????????,???????????????????????,?????????????????,???,???????,????[23]
2018??????,??????????????????????????????«??»,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????[24]???????????,?:???????????;???,?????????;???????????,??????;???;??????????????(?????????);??????
??????,??????,??????????????????????????????????,?????????????,??????????????????????????
(????????????????????)????????????????????????????
1. ??????????
2022??????????????,????????????«????????????????»,??????????????????????????????2025??????????320????????(GW)?????2030???????600????[25]??????????????????,????????????????????????
?????????????,????????????????????????????:????,??????????;?;?,?????????;?????????
2. ???????????
???????????,???????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????:???????????????????,?????????????????;????????,?????????;???????????????;????????;???????
2024?????????????,???????????????????????????«???????????????????????????»,??????????????,?????(??????)???????????????????????????????????????????????,?,????
?????????????????????,??????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???,?????????
????????????????????????????????:??????????????? - ???????????????????????????
(??????)?:???????????????
???????2006??????,??????????????????????????????????????????«??»«?»«????»??,?,??????????????????????,??????
?????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????,?,?????????????????????2020??????????????????????2?????2026????????????????????12????????????????31?,????????????????????7230?????,????????????????????????3380??,3850??????????????,?????37%??????????????2024????4??????????????????,?879?????????,???????25.7%?[26]
???(CEF)????????«?»???????,??????????????????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????2021-2027???,?????59.4????[27]
??????????????,???:??????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????[28]??????????????????????2023?????????????,???????????2021-2022?2273.5?????????????
(?????)??:???
?????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,???????!
??????,???????,???????????????,???????,???????????????????,???[29]
??????8?????????????????????20?????????????????,????????????,????????????,????????????????????????????????????????,??????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????,????????,????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????,????????[30]
???????,???????????2035?,????????????,?????????????????????(???)??????????????????????,??????,?????????????????[31]
2024??????????????????????8???9??????????,?(WT/DS626???),[32]????????????????????????????????????????????????????????«?????????????????????»?6????????????????????????«????????????»???????????????1???2?????????????????????10??????17??????????????19??????????????????22???32?????,???????????,???????????????
(?)?????????:?????
?????,???????????????????????,??«??????????»«??»«??????»?,????????????????????????????????????,????????????,???????????????????????????????,??????????????
????,?????,???????????????????????????????????,???,??????,??????????????????????????????????????????????
??????1957?????????????«????????????????????????????????»???????????????????,?«??????»?????????????????????????????????,????????????,????????????????????????????
???????????,2018?????????2024?8???????,????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????????????362???(?320?????????????????????????????),??????????68???????(?????21%),??????61?(???17%)?[33]???,??????????????????,???????????????????????????
????????????|?????????????????? ?? ??????????????
????????
[1]?????:
[2]?«????»?????????????298??????????51????????52??
[3]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 17 December 1974 concerning Community energy policy objectives for 1985, 09/07/1975, p.2-4.
[4]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning Community Energy Policy Objectives for 1990 and Convergence of Policies of the Member States, OJ C 149, 18.6.1980, p. 1-2.
[5]Council of the European Communities, Council Resolution of 26 November 1986 on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources.
[6]European Commission, White Paper: an Energy Policy for the European Union, COM(95)682 final, 13/12/1995.
[7]European Commission, Energy for Future: Renewable Sources of Energy-White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97) 599 final, 26/11/1997.
[8]European Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, COM(2000) 769 final, 29/11/2000.
[9]European Commission, Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, 8/3/2006, COM(2006) 105 final.
[10]Treaty of Lisbon, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007/C 306/01.
[11]European Commission, Energy 2020 A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy, COM/2010/0639 final, 10/11/2010.
[12]European Commission, Energy Roadmap 2050, 15/12/2011.
[13]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[14]European Commission, A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM(2014) 15 final/2, 28/1/2014.
[15]European Commission, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, 25/2/2015.
[16]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82209.
[17]European Commission, A Clean Planet for all - A European Strategic Long-term Vision for A Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy, 28/11/2018, COM (2018) 773.
[18]European Commission, The European Green Deal, 11/12/2018, COM(2019) 640 final.
[19]European Commission, Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a Stronger Single Market for Europes Recovery, 5/5/2021, COM(2021) 350 final.
[20]European Commission, Proposal for amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the Use of energy from renewable sources, 18/5/2022, COM(2022) 222 final.
[21]European Commission, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 1/2/2023, COM(2023) 62 final.
[22]European Commission, Net Zero Industry Act, 16/3/2023, COM(2023) 161 final.
[23]European Commission, European Battery Alliance.
[24]European Commission, ANNEX 2Strategic Action Plan on Batteries.
[25]European Commission, EU Solar Energy Strategy, 18/5/2022.
[26]???????:????????????????????????????????,2024????4??????
[27]European Parliament and of the Council of European Union, establishing the Connecting Europe Facility and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1316/2013 and (EU) No 283/2014.
[28]New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVI:1 of the GATT 1994 and Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, European Union, 25 July 2023.
[29]???????????????????:
[30]???????????????:
[31]
[32]???(WT/DS626????????????????????):
[33] ??????:????????????
????